The prevalence of communicable and non-communicable disease

What are the three leading cases of death globally?

non-communicable diseases - IDH, stroke, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

What are the three leading causes of death in LIDCs?

Non-communicable and communicable - neonatal conditions, respiratory infections and IDH

What are the three leading causes of death in ACs?

Non-communicable - IDH, Alzheimer’s, stroke

What dominates mortality in ACs?

Non-communicable such as CVD and cancer

What did ACs believe about communicable diseases?

• Before Covid-19, many thought that communicable diseases in ACs were practically eradicated due to medical advances, high standards of living, proper sanitation, clean water supplies and appropriate food intake

• Results in an average longer life expectancy which increases the proportion of deaths and illness connected to degenerative disease and old age

In ACs, what is causing a high number of deaths?

Overnutrition and excessive consumption of food, sugar, fats and salts - leads to a higher risk and prevalence of non-communicable diseases

What is the number of people with diabetes in 1980 and 2019?

108 million to 463 million

Where has diabetes prevalence been rising?

EDCs such as India and North Africa

What can diabetes cause?

Blindness, kidney failure, heart attacks, stroke and lower limb amputations

How many diabetes related deaths were there in 2019?

1.5 million

How many deaths due to high blood glucose levels occur with people under 70?

Over half of people with diabetes

How many adults in the UK have diabetes?

3.9 million

How much has worldwide obesity increased since 1975?

it has tripled

How many adults were overweight in 2019?

1.9 million

How many children under 5 were overweight/obese in 2019?

340 million

Define diseases of affluence

disease which are thought to be the result of increasing wealth in society - most are communicable

What are the causes of diseases of affluence?

• Easy access to low cost, high fat and high sugar foods - more affordable

• Greater use of alcohol and tobacco

• Longer life expectancy

• Air pollution - people can afford cars

• The change from primary and secondary jobs to tertiary and quaternary jobs (sedentary jobs)

How many people die from NCDs?

41 million

What percentage of NCDs are premature (under life expectancy)?

80%

What are the changes of the prevalence of disease affluence?

Diseases of affluence are appearing in EDCs like China and India as living standards improve

Which type of diseases are dominate in LIDCs?

Communicable disease

What are the three types of communicable diseases?

• Water borne - Cholera

• Animal borne - Ebola

• Food borne - Scurvy

What does inadequate food intake give rise to?

Undernutrition and malnutrition since people do not have enough food to maintain body weight (undernutrition) and an unbalanced diet with shortages of vitamins and proteins

How does inadequate food supplies cause more incidents?

It leads to weaker immune systems and an increased risk of infectious diseases

How can poor environmental conditions increase disease outbreaks?

• Water pollution due to lack of sanitation can cause water borne diseases.

• Slum houses are usually overcrowded and are closely linked to TB.

• Geography also plays a role since most of the worlds diseases are found in the sub-tropics/tropics - high rainfall creates the condition for infectious diseases to thrive in

Which factors influence diseases of poverty?

• Poor sanitation

• Lack of education

• Primary industries dominating

• Closer contact to animals

• Weakened immune systems due to poor diet

• Lack of wealth to buy food/clean water

• Densely populated cities