Development

What is prenatal development?

Development before birth

What is a zygote?

Fertilized egg, 0-14 days

What is an embryo?

Developing organism until 9 weeks

What is a fetus?

Developing organism from 9 weeks to birth

What are teratogens?

External agents that can cause abnormal prenatal development

What is fetal alcohol syndrome?

Deformities, mental disability, death caused by large amounts of alcohol during pregnancy

What is maturation?

Natural course of development

What are reflexes?

Innate responses we're born with

What is the visual cliff?

Test for depth perception in babies

What are schemas?

Concepts or frameworks that organize information

What is assimilation?

Incorporating new information into existing schema

What is accommodation?

Adjusting existing schema to incorporate new information

What is the sensorimotor stage?

Birth to 2 years, focused on exploring the world around them

What is object permanence?

Understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight

What is the blush test?

Recognizing oneself in the mirror by blushing

What is the pre-operational stage?

2-7 years, using pretend play and developing language

What is conservation?

Understanding that substances remain the same despite changes in shape, length, or position

What is egocentrism?

Inability to distinguish one's own perspective from another's

What is the concrete operational stage?

7-11 years, using logical thinking and understanding of conservation

What is operational thinking?

Logical thinking in concrete context

What is the Formal Operational Stage?

Abstract and idealist thoughts, hypothetical-deductive reasoning

What are the problems with Piaget's theory?

Stages too discrete, development differs between kids

What is Vygotsky's theory?

Cognitive development is a social process, need to interact with others

What is the Zone of Proximal Development?

Gap between what a child can do on their own and with support, need scaffolding

What is temperament?

Patterns of emotional reactions in babies, precursor to personality

What is imprinting?

Baby geese believe the first thing they see after hatching is their mom, happens during a critical period (from Lorenz)

What did Harry Harlow discover?

Contact comfort is more important than feeding, monkeys raised in isolation couldn't socialize

What are Baumrind's parenting styles?

Authoritarian, permissive, authoritative

What is the authoritative parenting style?

Give and take with kids, kids become socially competent and reliable, best type

What did Mary Ainsworth develop?

The strange situation paradigm (children left alone in a room with a stranger, then reunited with mom) to determine attachment style

What is secure attachment?

Upset when mom leaves, easily calmed on return, tend to be more stable adults

What is avoidant attachment?

Actively avoids mom, doesn't care when she leaves

What is ambivalent attachment?

Actively avoids mom, freaks out when she leaves

What is disorganized attachment?

Confused, fearful, dazed, result of abuse

What is Kohlberg's moral development?

Preconventional morality (children follow rules to avoid punishment), conventional morality (adolescents follow rules because it's the law or to gain social approval)

What is the authoritarian parenting style?

Rules and obedience, 'my way or the highway', kids lack initiative in college

What is the permissive parenting style?

Kids do whatever, no rules, kids lack initiative in college

What is the strange situation paradigm?

Children left alone in a room with a stranger, then reunited with mom to determine attachment style

What is postconventional morality?

Adults do what they believe is right.

What did Carol Gilligan say about moral reasoning and moral behaviors?

They are two different things.

What do men and women use for postconventional morality?

Men use justice, women use caring for others.

What is Erikson's socioemotional development?

Each stage represents a crisis that must be resolved.

What is the Trust vs Mistrust stage?

If needs are met infants develop basic trust.

What is the Autonomy vs shame&doubt stage?

Learn to exercise their will.

What is the Initiative vs guilt stage?

Learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans.

What is the Industry vs inferiority stage?

Learn what you're good or accomplished at.

What is the Identity vs role confusion stage?

Refine a sense of self by testing roles and forming an identity.

What is the Intimacy vs isolation stage?

Form close relationships and gain capacity for love.

What is the Generativity vs stagnation stage?

Discover sense of contributing to the world, thru family & work.

What is the Integrity vs despair stage?

Reflect on your life, feel satisfaction or failure.

What happens during puberty?

Rapid skeletal and sexual maturation.

What are primary sex characteristics?

Necessary structures for reproduction.

What are secondary sex characteristics?

Nonreproductive characteristics that develop during puberty.

When does the frontal lobe fully develop?

25 years old.

What is gender development?

Sex \= chromosomes, gender \= what you identify yourself as.

What are gender roles?

Expected behaviors (norms) for men/women.

What is the social learning theory?

We learn gender roles and identity from those around us.

What is the cellular clock theory?

Cells have a maximum \# of divisions before they can't divide anymore.

What is the free-radical theory?

Unstable oxygen damages DNA

What happens to skills over time?

Decrease (reaction time, memory)

What is a cross-sectional study?

Studies different ages at same time

What are the advantages of a cross-sectional study?

Inexpensive & quick

What are the disadvantages of a cross-sectional study?

Differences due to generational gap

What is a longitudinal study?

Studies same people over time

What are the advantages of a longitudinal study?

Eliminates cohort differences, lots of detail

What are the disadvantages of a longitudinal study?

Expensive, time consuming, high drop out rate