LECTURE 7

Renal System

Refers to the system responsible for filtering waste products from the blood and regulating fluid balance in the body.

Mr

Describes a patient experiencing symptoms like shortness of breath, fatigue, yellowish skin, itching, swollen ankles, and joint pain, indicating potential kidney issues.

Urinary System Anatomy

Includes two kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, with kidneys filtering blood, producing urine, and maintaining fluid balance.

IV Pyelogram

A diagnostic test using contrast medium to visualize the structures of the urinary system, helpful in identifying blockages or abnormalities.

Nephron

The functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood, reabsorbing essential substances, and producing urine.

Nephrons

Functional units of the kidney responsible for filtering blood and producing urine.

Cortical nephrons

Nephrons located in the cortex of the kidney, with the loop of Henle extending into the medulla.

Medullary nephrons

Nephrons located deeper in the kidney, with the loop of Henle extending to the inner medulla.

Glomerulus

A knot of capillaries surrounded by the Bowman's capsule where blood filtration occurs in the nephron.

Glomerular filtration

The process of filtering protein-free plasma in the glomerulus to initiate urine formation.

Filtration forces

Hydrostatic pressure, colloid osmotic pressure, and capsular pressure that drive the movement of substances across the glomerular membrane.

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

The volume of plasma filtered by the glomerulus per unit time, used to assess kidney function.

Creatinine

A waste product of muscle metabolism used as a marker to estimate GFR and monitor kidney function.

Cystatin C

Another marker used to estimate GFR, particularly beneficial in individuals with altered creatinine metabolism.

Inulin

An inert compound used experimentally to measure kidney function by monitoring its movement through the urinary system.

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

The rate at which blood is filtered by the glomerulus in the kidney.

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

A hormonal system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance.

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

Specialized cells near the glomerulus involved in regulating blood pressure and GFR.

Autonomic Regulation

Control of blood pressure and GFR by the sympathetic nervous system.

Hematuria

Presence of blood in the urine, indicating potential kidney issues.

Proteinuria

Presence of protein in the urine, a sign of kidney dysfunction.

Mercury Poisoning

A condition that can lead to kidney damage and symptoms like hematuria and proteinuria.

Scheme

A visual representation to illustrate the structure or process.

Schematic

A diagram or plan that outlines the components and connections of a system.

Ground membrane

The base or foundation membrane in a structure.

Gap

An opening or space between two structures.

Glomerulus

A network of capillaries in the kidney that filters blood.

Proximal company

Likely a term error, could refer to the proximal convoluted tubule in the kidney.