Milady Ch4 disorders and diseases of the skin

Dermatology

Medical branch of science that deals with the study of skin and its nature, structure, functions, disease, and treatment

Dermatologist

Physician who specializes in disease and disorders of the hair, skin, and nails

Lesions

Mark, wound, or abnormality; structural changes in tissue caused by damage or injury

Primary lesions

are characterized by flat nonpalpable changes in a skin color, such as macules or patches, or an elevation formed by fluid in a cavity, such as a visicles, bullae, pustules

Bulla

Large blisters containing watery fluid; similar to vesicles, but larger

Cyst

closed, abnormally developed sack containing fluid, infection, or other material above or below the skin

Tubercle

Abnormal rounded, solid lump; larger than papule

Macule

Flat spot or discoloration on the skin, such as a freckle. These are neither raised nor sunken.

Nodule

often referred to as a tumor, but nodules are smaller bumps caused by conditions, such as scar tissue, fatty deposits, or infections

Papule

pimple; small elevation on the skin that contains no fluid, but may develop pus

Pustule

Raised, inflamed papule with a white or yellowish center containing pus in the top of the lesion referred to as the head of the pimple

Tumor

Large nodule; an abnormal cell mass resulting from excessive cell manipulation and varying in size, shape, and color

Vesicle

Small blister or sack containing clear fluid poison ivy and poison oak create this

Wheal

Itchy, swollen lesion caused by a blow, insect bite, skin allergy reaction, or sting. Ex. hives and mosquito bites

Hives (Urticaria)

Can be caused by exposure to allergens used in products. This reaction is the bodies histamine production.

Secondary skin lesions

Skin damaged, developed in the latter stages of disease, that changes the structure of tissue or organs

Crust

Dead cells from over a wound or blemish, while it is healing, resulting in an accumulation of Sibum and pus, sometimes mixed with epidermal materials; an example is the scab on a sore

Excoriation

Skin sore, or abrasion produced by scratching or scraping.

Fissure

Crack in the skin that penetrates the dermis. Chapped lips or hands are examples

Keloid

Thick scar resulting from excessive growth of fibrous tissues (collagen)

Scale

Flaky skin cells; any thin plate of epidermal flakes, dry, or oily. An example is abnormal or excessive dandruff.

Scar

Light colored, slightly raised Mark on the skin formed after an injury or lesion of the skin has healed up. The tissue hardens to heal the injury, elevated scars are hypertrophic. A keloid is a hypertrophic abnormal scar.

Ulcer

Open lesions on the skin or mucous membrane of the body, accompanied by pus and loss of skin depth. A deep erosion; a depression in the skin, normally due to infection or cancer.

Actinic keratosis

Pink or flesh colored pre-cancerous lesions that feels sharp or rough; resulting from sun damage

Basal cell carcinoma

Most common and the least severe type of skin cancer, which often appears as a light pearly nodules; characteristics include sores, reddish patches, or smooth growth with an elevated border

Squamous cell carcinoma

Type of skin cancer, more serious than basal cell carcinoma; characterized by scaly, red or pink papules or nodules; also known as open sores or crusty areas; can grow and spread in the body

Malignant melanoma

Most serious form of skin cancer, as it can spread quickly (Metastasize). Black or dark patches on the skin are usually uneven in texture, jagged, or raised. Melanomas may have surface crust or bleed.

Acne

Chronic inflammatory skin disorder of the sebaceous glands that is characterized by comedones and blemishes; commonly known as acne simplex or acting vugaris

Pilosebaceous unit

The hair unit that contains the hair follicle and appendages: the hair root, bulb, dermal papilla, sebaceous appendage, and arrector pili muscle

Sebaceous filaments

Similar to open comedones, these are mainly solidified impactions of oil without the cell matter

Comedo

Mass of hardened sebum and skin cells in the hair follicle

Opened comedo

(Blackhead) when exposed to oxygen

Closed comedos

Whiteheads that are blocked and do not have follicular openings

Milia

Epidural cyst; small firm papules with no visible opening, whitish, pearly masses of sebum and dead skin cell under the skin, more common and dry skin types in may form after skin trauma, such as laser resurfacing

Retention Hyperkeratosis

Hereditary factors in which dead skin cells buildup, and do not shed from the follicles as they do on normal skin

Sebaceous hyperplasia

Benign lesions frequently seen in oiler areas of the face. An overgrowth of the sebaceous gland, they appear similar to open comedones; often donut shaped with sebaceous material in the center

seborrhea

severe oiliness of the skin; an abnormal secretion from the sebaceous glands

comedogenic

tendency for an ingredient to clog follicles and cause a buildup of dead skin cells, resulting in comedones (blackheads)

polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)

Often shortened and pronounced “peecos,” is a hormonal condition that impacts women in child bearing years believed to have a genetic component. PCOS symptoms include acne, thinning hair in a male hair growth pattern of baldness as in sparse hair density at the front and top of the scalp. It also causes abnormal hair growth on the face, arms, thighs, neck, and breasts

vasodilation

vascular dilation of the blood vessels

varicose veins

vascular lesions; dilated and twisted veins, most commonly in the legs

hyperpigmentation

over-production of pigment

hypopigmentation

absence of pigment, resulting in light or white splotches

lentigo

freckles; small yellow-brown colored spots; lentigenes that result from sunlight exposure are actinic, or solar; lentigo patches are referred to as large macules

ephelids

also known as freckles, are tiny round or oval pigmented areas of skin on areas exposed to the sun. Also referred to as macules, they are small flat colored spots on the skin

nevus

also known as birthmark; malformation of the skin due to abnormal pigmentation or dilated capillaries

Poikiloderma of Civatte

a skin condition caused by actinic bronzing (chronic sun exposure) to the sides of the face and neck. The skin turns a reddish-brown hue with a distinct white patch under the chin. Poikiloderma is benign, meaning it is not cancerous

postinflammatory hyperpigmentation

abbreviated as PIH; darkened pigmentation due to an injury to the skin or the residual healing after an acne lesion has resolved; often deep red, purple, or brown in appearance

tan

increase in pigmentation due to the melanin production that results from exposure to UV radiation; visible skin damage. Melanin is designed to help protect the skin from the sun’s UV radiation

leukoderma

skin disorder characterized by light, abnormal patches; causes are congenital, acquired, postinflammation, or other causes that destroy pigment-producing cells; vitiligo and albinism are leukodermas

albinism

absence of melanin pigment in the body, including skin, hair, and eyes; the technical term for albinism is congenital leukoderma or congenital hypopigmentation

albinism

absence of melanin pigment in the body, including skin, hair, and eyes; the technical term for albinism is congenital leukoderma or congenital hypopigmentation

vitiligo

pigmentation disease characterized by white patches on the skin from lack of pigment cells; made worse by sunlight

tinea versicolor

also known as sun spots; a noncontagious fungal infection which is characterized by white or varicolored patches on the skin and is often found on arms and legs

dermatitis

any inflammatory condition of the skin; various forms of lesions, such as eczema, vesicles, or papules; the three main categories are atopic, contact, and seborrheic dermatitis

contact dermatitis

inflammatory skin condition caused by contact with a substance or chemical. Occupational disorders from ingredients in cosmetics and chemical solutions can cause contact dermatitis (a.k.a. dermatitis venenata). Allergic contact dermatitis is from exposure to allergens; irritant contact dermatitis is from exposure to irritants

sensitization

the development of hypersensitivity due to repeated exposure to an allergen that can take months or years to develop due to the allergen and intensity of exposure

atopic dermatitis

excess inflammation; dry skin, redness, and itching from allergies and irritants

eczema

inflammatory, painful itching disease of the skin, acute or chronic in nature, with dry or moist lesions. This condition should be referred to a physician. Seborrheic dermatitis, mainly affecting oily areas, is a common form of eczema

perioral dermatitis

acne-like condition around the mouth. These are mainly small clusters of papules that could be caused by toothpaste or products used on the face

seborrheic dermatitis

common form of eczema; mainly affects oily areas; characterized by inflammation, scaling, and/or itching

stasis dermatitis

chronic inflammatory state in the legs due to poor circulation; the legs may sometimes have ulcerations, along with scaly skin, itching, and hyperpigmentation

hypertrophy

abnormal growth of the skin; many are benign, or harmless

hyperkeratosis

thickening of the skin caused by a mass of keratinized cells (keratinocytes)

keratoma

acquired, superficial, thickened patch of epidermis. A callus is a keratoma caused by continued, repeated pressure or friction on any part of the skin, especially the hands and feet

keratosis

abnormally thick build up of cells

keratosis pilaris

edness and bumpiness common on the cheeks or upper arms; it is caused by blocked hair follicles. The patches of irritation are accompanied by a rough texture and small pinpoint white milia

mole

pigmented nevus; a brownish spot ranging in color from tan to bluish black. Some are flat, resembling freckles; others are raised and darker

psoriasis

skin disease characterized by red patches covered with white-silver scales. It is caused by an overproliferation of skin cells that replicate too fast. Immune dysfunction could be the cause. Psoriasis is usually found in patches on the scalp

skin tag

small, benign outgrowths or extensions of the skin that look like flaps; common under the arms or on the neck

conjunctivitis

very contagious infection of the mucous membranes around the eye; chemical, bacterial, or viral causes

herpes simplex virus 1

strain of the herpes virus that causes fever blisters or cold sores; it is a recurring, contagious viral infection consisting of a vesicle or group of vesicles on a red, swollen base. The blisters usually appear on the lips or nostrils

herpes simplex virus 2

strain of the herpes virus that infects the genitals

herpes zoster

a painful viral infection skin condition from the chickenpox virus; characterized by groups of blisters that form a rash in a ring or line

impetigo

contagious bacterial infection often occurring in children; characterized by clusters of small blisters or crusty lesions

onychomycosis

a fungal infection that produces symptoms of thick, brittle, discolored nails; the fungus lives off the keratin in the nail

tinea

a contagious condition caused by fungal infection and not a parasite; characterized by itching, scales, and, sometimes, painful lesions

tinea corporis

a contagious infection that forms a ringed, red pattern with elevated edges

verruca

hypertrophy of the papillae and epidermis caused by a virus. It is infectious and contagious

dermatillomania

a form of obsessive-compulsive disorder in which the person picks at their skin to the point of injury, infection, or scarring; a person with dermatillomania finds the picking stress relieving and not painful; it can often be socially isolating because severe dermatillomania can be disfiguring

body dysmorphic disorder

psychological disorder in which the client has a preoccupation with their appearance; they tend to fixate on minor appearance imperfections and see them as disfiguring

furuncle

also known as boil; a subcutaneous abscess filled with pus; furuncles are caused by bacteria in the glands or hair follicles

carbuncle

cluster of boils; large inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue caused by staphylococci bacterium; similar to a furuncle (boil) but larger

edema

swelling caused by a fluid imbalance in cells or a response to injury or infection

erythema

redness caused by inflammation; a red lesion is erythemic

folliculitis

also known as folliculitis barbae, sycosis barbae, or barber’s itch. Inflammation of the hair follicles caused by a bacterial infection from ingrown hairs. The cause is typically from ingrown hairs due to shaving or other epilation methods

pseudofolliculitis

resembles folliculitis without the pus or infection

pruritus

persistent itching

steatoma

sebaceous cyst or subcutaneous tumor filled with sebum; ranges in size from a pea to an orange. It usually appears on the scalp, neck, and back; also called a wen

anhidrosis

deficiency in perspiration, often a result of a fever or skin disease that requires medical treatment

bromhidrosis

foul-smelling perspiration, usually in the armpits or on the feet

hyperhidrosis

excessive perspiration caused by heat, genetics, medications, or medical conditions; also called diaphoresis

diaphoresis

excessive perspiration due to a medical condition

miliaria rubra

acute inflammatory disorder of the sweat glands resulting in the eruption of red vesicles and burning, itching skin from excessive heat exposure

nodules

these are often referred to as tumors, but these are smaller bumps caused by conditions such as scar tissue, fatty deposits, or infections

secondary lesions

skin damage, developed in the later stages of disease, that changes the structure of tissues or organs