AP Chem Aqueous Stoichiometry/Reaction Families + Redox

Solution

a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances (ex. saltwater, sugar water)

Homogeneous

uniform throughout

Aqueous solution

a solution involving water as the solvent

Solute

the substance present in the SMALLER molar quantity

Solvent

the substance present in the LARGER molar quantity

Electrolyte

A solute that, when dissolved in water, results in a solution that can conduct electricity.

Nonelectrolyte

Solute that does not conduct electricity when dissolved in water

What makes some solutes electrolytes and some not?

The level of hydration (amount of ions)

Hydration

The process in which an ion or molecule is surrounded by water molecules.

Dissolve

Surrounded by enough water to look like water (clear)

Dissociate

When a compound separates into its ions

Strong electrolytes

Completely dissociate; include soluble ionic salts, the 6 strong acids, and the 8 strong bases

Hydration shell

A structured group of water molecules surrounding a dissolved ion or polar solute, oriented by electrostatic interactions

Strong Acids

HCl, HBr, HI, HNO₃, HClO₄, H₂SO₄

Strong Bases

Alkali metal hydroxides, CaBaSr hydroxides

Soluble Ionic Compounds

Alkali metals, NH₄⁺, CH₃COO^-, HCO₃^-, ClO₃^-, NO₃^-, ClO₄^-

Usually Soluble (*Insoluble)

[Cl^-, Br^-, I^-]*(MLS)
[F^-]*(MLS, CaBaSr, Mg)
[SO₄^2-]*(MLSCaBaSr)

Insoluble Ionic Compounds

metal oxides*(alkali + ammonium), metal hydroxides, phosphates, chromates, dichromates, carbonates, sulfides*(CaBaSr)

Electrolysis

using electricity to drive a nonspontaneous redox reaction

What is the left side called?

Anode

What is the right side called?

Cathode

Anode

electrons leave here in the Hoffman apparatus

Cathode

electrons enter here in the Hoffman apparatus

Bromothymol blue

pH indicator; yellow in acidic conditions <7, blue in basic conditions >7, and green in neutral conditions =7