Additional Notes BIOCHEM

Proverbs 16:3

B) Lysozyme

Select the enzyme that hydrolyzes bacterial cell walls.
A) Carbonic anhydrase
B) Lysozyme
C) Lactate dehydrogenase
D) Kinase

B) Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Dopamine

The amino acid Tyrosine is converted to catecholamines. These are:
A) Norepinephrine and Epinephrine
B) Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Dopamine
C) Norepinephrine, Dopamine
D) Epinephrine, Dopamine

A) IgG

The most abundant of the serum immunoglobulins is:
A) IgG
B) IgD
C) IgE
D) IgA

C) The release of fatty acids and their subsequent beta-oxidation is a primary source of metabolic energy for the cell

Which of the following statements best describes fatty acid metabolism?
A) Fatty acid metabolism is not related to carbohydrate metabolism.
B) Fatty acids and their CoA esters can freely cross the inner mitochondrial membrane.
C) The release of fatty acids and their subsequent beta-oxidation is a primary source of metabolic energy for the cell.
D) Fatty acid catabolism is not under hormonal control.

C) Ribosomes

Identify the site of the initial stage of protein synthesis.
A) Cytoplasm
B) Golgi apparatus
C) Ribosomes
D) Nucleus

B) Achievement of a high absolute rate of reaction that is suitable for integration with other physiological processes

Analyze the mechanism or catalytic strategy employed by carbonic anhydrase.
A) Attainment of a high degree of specificity
B) Achievement of a high absolute rate of reaction that is suitable for integration with other physiological processes.
C) Promotion of a reaction that is immeasurably slow at neutral pH.
D) Utilization of the free energy associated with the hydrolysis of ATP.

B) Glycerol, lactate, pyruvate, glycogenic amino acids

Identify the precursors of gluconeogenesis.
A) Glycerol, lactic acid, pyruvic acid
B) Glycerol, lactate, pyruvate, glycogenic amino acids
C) Pyruvic acid, lactic acid, acetic acid
D) Sucrose, lactic acid, pyruvic acid

C) Citric Acid

Select the carbohydrate used as an acidulant, especially in infant feeding formulas:
A) Mannitol
B) Lactic Acid
C) Citric Acid
D) Tartaric Acid

B) Albumin

This is not a normal constituent of urine:
A) Sodium chloride
B) Albumin
C) Urea
D) Uric Acid

B) Kinetochore

Site of attachment of spindle fibers:
A) Cistron
B) Kinetochore
C) Centromere
D) Telomere

B) Unsaturated fatty acids

Measured by Iodine Value:
A) Saturated fatty acids
B) Unsaturated fatty acids
C) Trans fatty acids
D) All types of fatty acids

A) Codon from mRNA

Determines amino acid sequence:
A) Codon from mRNA
B) Anticodon from tRNA
C) Codon from DNA
D) Peptide bond

C) hnRNA

Odd one out:
A) mRNA
B) rRNA
C) hnRNA
D) tRNA

A) Stereoisomers that differ in configuration at one specific carbon atom

Epimers are:
A) Stereoisomers that differ in configuration at one specific carbon atom
B) Structural isomers
C) Enantiomers
D) Monosaccharides

C) Lyase

Non-hydrolytic bond formation is facilitated by:
A) Ligase
B) Transferase
C) Lyase
D) Kinase

B) Ovalbumin

Example of a storage protein:
A) Myosin
B) Ovalbumin
C) Collagen
D) Hemoglobin

A) Substitution

Nucleotide sequence —> identify type of mutation:
A) Substitution
B) Insertion
C) Deletion
D) No mutation

A) 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate

Intermediate product of MEP that acts as a stress regulator:
A) 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate
B) Methylerythritol cyclodiphosphate
C) 1-deoxy-L-xylulose-5-phosphate
D) Isopentenyl diphosphate

C) Gamma globulin

Most common configuration of immunoglobulins:
A) Alpha globulin
B) Beta globulin
C) Gamma globulin
D) Delta globulin

A) Ubiquitin ligase (C-O

Correct bonds formed by ligases:
A) Ubiquitin ligase (C-O)
B) Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase (C-S)
C) Acyl CoA synthetase (C-O)
D) Pyruvate carboxylase (C-C)

D) Mutase

Intramolecular group transfer:
A) Kinase
B) Phosphorylase
C) Transferase
D) Mutase

B) Polysaccharide

Starch, inulin, chitin:
A) Heteroglycan
B) Polysaccharide
C) Oligosaccharide
D) Monosaccharide

D) Prosthetic group

Which of the following terms BEST describes a cofactor that is firmly bound to an apoenzyme?
A) Cofactor
B) Holoenzyme
C) Transferase
D) Prosthetic group

A) Insulin

Compound that inhibits glycogenolysis:
A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Epinephrine
D) Cortisol

A) Type 1 Diabetes

Which type of diabetes is characterized by an autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells?
A) Type 1 Diabetes
B) Type 2 Diabetes
C) Gestational Diabetes
D) Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA)

B) Deficiency of lactase

What is the main cause of lactose intolerance?
A) Lack of glucose
B) Deficiency of lactase
C) Excessive insulin production
D) Increased carbohydrate intake

A) Acid alpha-glucosidase

Pompe Disease is associated with a deficiency of which enzyme?
A) Acid alpha-glucosidase
B) Muscle phosphorylase
C) Glucose-6-phosphatase
D) Lactase

B) Metabolic Syndrome

Which condition is characterized by a cluster of conditions including insulin resistance and hypertension?
A) Diabetes Mellitus
B) Metabolic Syndrome
C) Glycogen Storage Diseases
D) Lactose Intolerance

B) Cardiovascular disease

Chronic glycemia can lead to which of the following complications?
A) Improved immune function
B) Cardiovascular disease
C) Enhanced kidney function
D) Reduced blood pressure

B) Severe protein deficiency

Kwashiorkor is primarily associated with which of the following?
A) Excessive carbohydrate intake
B) Severe protein deficiency
C) Vitamin D deficiency
D) Overeating

B) Marasmus

Which condition results from severe energy deficiency and is characterized by weight loss and muscle wasting?
A) Kwashiorkor
B) Marasmus
C) Cystic Fibrosis
D) Sickle Cell Disease

B) CFTR gene

Cystic Fibrosis is caused by mutations in which gene?
A) HTT gene
B) CFTR gene
C) BRCA1 gene
D) APC gene

C) Sickle Cell Disease

Which disease is caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin gene, leading to sickle-shaped red blood cells?
A) Hemophilia
B) Thalassemia
C) Sickle Cell Disease
D) Anemia

B) Atherosclerosis

What condition is characterized by the accumulation of lipids in arterial walls?
A) Hyperlipidemia
B) Atherosclerosis
C) Obesity
D) Fatty Liver Disease

B) Accumulation of fat in the liver unrelated to alcohol

Which of the following is a characteristic of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)?
A) Related to excessive alcohol consumption
B) Accumulation of fat in the liver unrelated to alcohol
C) Caused by hepatitis virus
D) Linked to autoimmune disorders

D) Lipid transport

Familial hypercholesterolemia is a genetic disorder affecting which aspect of lipid metabolism?
A) Lipid digestion
B) Lipid synthesis
C) Lipid absorption
D) Lipid transport

C) All of the above

Genetic disorders caused by mutations in DNA can lead to conditions like:
A) Alzheimer’s Disease
B) Sickle Cell Disease
C) All of the above
D) Cystic Fibrosis

B) CAG repeat expansion

Huntington’s Disease is characterized by what type of genetic mutation?
A) Deletion
B) CAG repeat expansion
C) Translocation
D) Point mutation

B) Livestock

Foot and Mouth Disease primarily affects which population?
A) Humans
B) Livestock
C) Wildlife
D) Aquatic animals

C) Collagen

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome is primarily linked to defects in which protein?
A) Keratin
B) Myosin
C) Collagen
D) Elastin

B) Increased risk of type 2 diabetes

What is a common complication of obesity?
A) Improved cardiovascular health
B) Increased risk of type 2 diabetes
C) Enhanced immune function
D) Reduced stress levels

A) Hyperlipidemia

Which condition is associated with excessive triglycerides in the blood?
A) Hyperlipidemia
B) Malnutrition
C) Anemia
D) Cystic Fibrosis

C) Edema

What is a symptom of Kwashiorkor?
A) Weight loss
B) Muscle wasting
C) Edema
D) Increased energy levels

D) Total energy intake

Marasmus primarily results from a deficiency in what?
A) Proteins
B) Carbohydrates
C) Fats
D) Total energy intake

B) Xanthomas

Which lipid disorder is characterized by the presence of yellow-orange lesions in the skin due to cholesterol deposits?
A) Atherosclerosis
B) Xanthomas
C) Hyperlipidemia
D) Fatty liver

D) Diabetes Mellitus

Which of the following conditions is NOT primarily a result of genetic mutations?
A) Cancer
B) Cystic Fibrosis
C) Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
D) Diabetes Mellitus

D) All of the above

Sickle Cell Disease can lead to which of the following complications?
A) Chronic respiratory infections
B) Pain crises due to vaso-occlusion
C) Increased risk of stroke
D) All of the above

B) Linked to metabolic syndrome

Which of the following is a common feature of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)?
A) Symptoms are always present
B) Linked to metabolic syndrome
C) Always leads to liver cirrhosis
D) Caused by excessive alcohol consumption

A) Cystic Fibrosis

A mutation in the CFTR gene leads to which of the following conditions?
A) Cystic Fibrosis
B) Thalassemia
C) Sickle Cell Disease
D) Hemophilia