Term 1 Review APUSH

Columbian Exchange

exchanges of plants, animals, diseases, and technology transformed European and Native American ways of life

John Smith

English explorer, soldier and writer; best known for his role in establishing the first permanent English colony in the New World (Jamestown)

Jamestown

first permanent English settlement in North America

Joint-Stock companies

business entity where different stocks can be bought and owned by shareholders

Conquistador

leader in the Spanish conquests of America, Mexico, and Peru in the 16th century

Encomienda

dependency relation system that started in Spain during the Roman Empire; the stronger people protected the weakest in exchange for a service

Great Awakening

series of religious revivals in the North American British colonies during the 17th and 18th centuries

Jonathan Edwards

revivalist preacher, philosopher, and Congregationalist Protestant theologian

French and Indian War

War between colonists of Britian and colonists of France & Native Americans during 1754 to 1760. The purpose was to get North American lands for farming crops and securing a place to live well.

Proclamation of 1793

statement that declared the war had ended following the British victory over France in the French and Indian War

King George III

England's longest ruling monarch before Queen Victoria

Sugar Act

British law enacted in 1764 that put a tax on sugar and molasses imported into the colonies; this law effected the manufacture of rum in New England

Samuel Adams

an American statesman and founding father of the United States who opposed British taxation and helped organize the Boston Tea Party- Sons of Liberty

Boston Massacre

In 1770, some colonists threw snowballs at a group of British soldiers and the soldiers fired their guns, killing 5 colonists.

Boston Tea Party

In 1773, a group of colonists protested the tea tax by dressing up as Native American and climbing on British ships in the Boston Harbor. They threw all the tea into the water to show they wouldn't buy tea from England.

Declaration of Independence

Thomas Jefferson wrote a document stating that the 13 colonies wanted to be independent. On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress accepted it.

Battle of Saratoga (1777)

It was the turning point of the war for independence. After this battle, the American colonists were in an advantageous place. There were heavy British casualties.

Marquis de Lafayette

a French aristocrat and military officer who fought for the United States in the American Revolutionary War

Charles Cornwallis

a British Army officer and colonial administrator (1753-1762)

Battle of Yorktown (1781)

1781 battle which led to a decisive victory by a combined force of American Continental Army troops; General George Washington led this defeat against Cornwallis' troops

Treaty of Paris

document that ended the Revolutionary War between Great Britain and the colonies

Articles of Confederation

agreement among the thirteen colonies that served as its first constitution

Bill of Rights

The first 10 amendments to the Constitution that make up the Bill of Rights

French and Indian War (Seven Years' War)

1754-1763 War between French and British in American colonies part of 7 years

The Proclamation of 1763

Line drawn by British Parliament, colonists not allowed to settle past Appalachian mountains

Stamp Act

1765 direct tax on a stamp that must be put on paper, office documents, etc.

Intolerable Acts (1774)

Coercive Act targeted Boston and Massachusetts in response to Boston Tea Party + Quebec Act regarded British colonists in Canada. Restricted the rights and liberties of the British colonists.

The Declaration Of Independence

1776 document written by colonist elites to British King and Parliament stating independence and what all was wrong with British rule and the King

Battle of Saratoga

Head to head battle between the British and Americans in country side, Americans win by a lot and show they have a chance

French American Alliance

Formed after the Battle of Saratoga when Americans proved to French they can win and French are allies because they want to damage an age-old enemy

Treaty of Paris

1783 ended the American Revolutionary War Granted the land British gave Indians as American land now American colonies recognized as their own independent country

Articles of Confederation

First form of government A lot of weaknesses No strong central government Strong state governments Causes economical problems and failure

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Land in Northwest is divided into 5 states (Michigan, Illinois, Ohio, Wisconsin, Indiana) they are all seen as equal to the 13 original states Reach a certain pop you can apply for statehood and be part of congress and slavery was outlawed

Shay's Rebellion

1786 farmers debt rebellion agriculture depression, economical failure and 2 out of 3 were being sued

The Constitution

New format of government focuses more on a central national power and less on states 3 branch government that limit each other

Federalism

One central power over all

The Great Compromise

New Jersey and Virginia plans together and create the senate and House of Representatives senate equal vote house of rep by population

The Three-Fifths Compromise

Slaves count as population for vote in congress 3 slaves for every 5 white were counted

The Federalists Papers

Essays written by Federalists to get people to ratify the constitution ratified

Federalists

Supported the ratification of the constitution one central strong government

Anti federalists

Against ratification of the constitution

The Bill of rights

First ten amendments of the constitution

George Washington's presidency

1st president formed the cabinets 2nd term strictly followed constitution left office to tell everyone they needed to be unified established framework of Supreme Court and how they will be decided judiciary

Alexander Hamilton

Tackle debt- grant money back to people, national bank, create national government, manufacturing, establish tax revenue

Thomas Jefferson

Wanted state governments against Hamilton 3rd president vice under John Adams voting process not fix yet and he got 2nd place

Washington's Farewell Address (1796)

1. Not to be involved in foreign (European) affairs. 2. Not to make permanent alliances with foreign nations. 3. Not to establish political parties.

XYZ Affair

3 agents from France try to bribe Americans who came as ambassadors to see the rulers of France common in Europe but Americans took offense and John Adams published what happened for all Americans to see decreasing support of republicans because they are Franco files

Alien and Sedition Acts

Sedition- speaking false against congress or president Alien- allow president to prison or deport suspicious foreign during war Cut of increase of republicans

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Idea of nullification

Legislatures that constitution was written by sovereign states so they could revoke the unconstitutional laws

Battle of Lexington and Concord (1775)

1st Battle of the American Revolution- The famous "shot heard around the World"-American Win.

Albany Plan of Union

Ben Franklin's plan to unite the colonies under one government to defeat France.

Quartering Act (1765)

Required certain colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops.

Sons and Daughters of Liberty

Secret society who intimidated tax agents; tarred and feathered some tax collectors.

Boston Massacre (1770)

An incident in which British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists who were teasing and taunting them; five colonists were killed.

Historical Significance:

Boston's radicals used to incident to wage an Anti-British propaganda war.

Boston Tea Party (1773)

American colonists calling themselves the Sons of Liberty, disguised as Mohawk Native Americans, boarded three British ships and dumped British tea into the Boston harbor.

First Continental Congress (1774)

Delegates from every colony except Georgia to decide how to react to the Intolerable Acts

Second Continental Congress (1775)

Managed the colonial war effort, and moved incrementally towards independence - finally adopting the Declaration of Independence in 1776.

Patriots

American colonists who were determined to fight the British until American independence was won

Loyalists/Tories

American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence

Common Sense (Thomas Paine, 1776)

Pamphlet that was read by a lot of colonists that presented an argument as to WHY the colonists HAD to declare independence from Britain.

Battle of Saratoga (1777)

Decisive colonial victory in upstate New York; considered to be the turning point of the American Revolution.

Historical Significance:

Caused France to openly support the colonies with military forces in addition to the supplies and money already being sent.

Yorktown (1781)

The British plan to defeat the colonists consisted of conquering the colonies from the south all the way to the north. When Cornwallis arrived at Yorktown, the French blocked the waterways while Washington's men surrounded his troops. This marked the end of English control over the American colonies.

Separation of Powers

Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law

French Revolution (1789)

Americans generally supported the revolutionists but disagreed with the concept of executions.

Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)

A formal announcement issued by President George Washington on April 22, 1793, declaring the United States a neutral nation in the conflict between Great Britain and France.

The Jay Treaty (1794)

US & Great Britain

Terms:

Stopped the search and seizure of American ships by the British, made America pay pre-revolutionary debts, and opened British ports.

Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

1794 protest against the government's (Hamilton's) tax on whiskey by backcountry farmers.

Republican Motherhood

The idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate "civic virtue" in their children

Revolution of 1800

Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution."

Federalists and Democratic-Republicans

The first two political parties. Many of the Democratic-Republicans had earlier been members of the Antifederalists, which had never organized into a formal political party.

"Remember the Ladies"; Abigail Adams + John Adams

A series of letters by Abigail Adams asking John to include female representation in the government and political affairs.

Pontiac's Rebellion (1763-1766)

An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.

Era of Good Feelings

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

Sectionalism

Different parts of the country developing unique and separate cultures (as the North, South and West).

Tariff of "Abominations"

designed to protect industry in the northern United States.

American System

An economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power.

The Bank War

Andrew Jackson vetoed the recharter bill of the Second Bank of the United States on July 10, 1832, which was a blow against monopolies, "New England aristocrats", and foreign domination, but a victory for labor. Jackson created pet banks and destabilized the national currency.

Panic of 1819

1st economic depression (under US Constitution); marked the end of economic expansion and featured deflation (value of US money going down), depression, bank failures, foreclosures on western farms, unemployment, a slump in agriculture and manufacturing, and overcrowded debtor's prisons. Caused by the National Bank's tightening of its credit lending policies, aimed at stopping risky lending practices and over speculation on lands in west, forcing state and local banks to foreclose mortgages on farms resulting in bankruptcies.

Marbury v Madison

(1803) Marbury was a midnight appointee of the Adams administration and sued Madison for commission. Chief Justice Marshall said the law that gave the courts the power to rule over this issue was unconstitutional. established judicial review

McCulloch v Maryland

Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law

Worcester v Georgia

A case in which the United States Supreme Court vacated the conviction of Samuel Worcester and held that the Georgia criminal statute that prohibited non-Indians from being present on Indian lands without a license from the state was unconstitutional; led to the removal of Cherokee from their native lands.

Missouri Compromise of 1820

Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory

Rush-Bagot Treaty

between the U.S. and Great Britain (which controlled Canada) provided for the mutual disarmament of the Great Lakes. This was later expanded into an unarmed Canada/U.S. border.

Adams Onis Treaty

U.S. gained Florida in exchange for $5 million and renounced any claims on Texas and settled boundary between two countries to the Pacific Ocean.

Monroe Doctrine

Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S.

National Road

First national road building project funded by Congress. It made travel and transportation of goods much easier because it was one continuous road that was in good condition.

Erie Canal

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West. Connected Great Lakes farms and western markets with New York City leading to its rise as a center of trade and commerce.

Eli Whitney

An American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged

Lowell System

Developed in textile mills in Lowell, Massachusetts, during the 1820s, where few skilled workers were needed, labor was done mostly by single young farm women, who worked for a few years and then returned home to be housewives.

Market Revolution

Dramatic increase between 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions. Resulted from the increased output of farms and factories, the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants, and the development of a transportation network of roads, canals and railroads.

Embargo Act of 1807

Meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade; difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and it hurt the national economy; replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act.

War of 1812

between the United States and England caused by impressment of American sailors, British aid to Indians in the west with firearms, War Hawks desire to invade Canada, and continued British interference with trade.

Battle of New Orleans

A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost.