Chemistry Unit 3

acid-base reactions (neutralization reactions)

form water (H + OH = H2O) and a salt

gas evolution reactions

form gas as a product (H2CO3 -> H2O + CO2)

H2CO3

H2O + CO2

H2SO3

H2O + SO2

NH4OH

H2O + NH3

oxidation reduction reaction (redox reaction)

involve the transfer of electronss

signs of redox reaction

substance reacts with elemental oxygen
metal reacts with nonmetal
one substance transfers electrons to another substance

combustion reaction

a type of redox reaction,
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen form co2 and h2o

theoretical yield

the amount of product that can be made in a chemical reaction based on the amount of limiting reactant

percent yield

actual/theoretical * 100

ionic bond

electrons are transferred

covalent bond

electrons are shared

elemental exceptions to the octet rule

helium and hydrogen (duet rule)

pauli exclusion principle

orbitals may hold no more than two electrons with opposing spins

hund's rule

when filling orbitals of equal energy, electrons fill them singly first, with parallel spins

0.0 - 0.4

nonpolar covalent bond0

0.4 - 2.0

polar covalent bond

2.0+

ionic bond

2, 0

linear 180

3, 0

trigonal planar 120

2, 1

trigonal planar 120 bent

4, 0

tetrahedral 109.5

3, 1

tetrahedral 109.5 trigonal pyramidal

2, 2

tetrahedral 109.5 bent

light speed

3.0 * 10.8m/s

wavelength

the distance between adjacent wave crests

frequency

the number of cycles of crests that pass through a stationary point in one second

photon energy

shorter wavelength, greater the energy in this photon

gamma ray

shortest wavelength photons; are harmful to humans because of their frequency

relation between wavelength and frequency

inverse: greater wavelength = shorter frequency

chromium electron configuration

[Ar] 4s1 3d5

copper electron configuration

[Ar] 4s1 3d10

atomic size

moving right = decreases, moving down = increases

ionization energy

moving right = increases, moving down = decreases

metallic character

(not atomic size) move right = decreases, move down = increases