Studied by 4 people
acid-base reactions (neutralization reactions)
form water (H + OH = H2O) and a salt
gas evolution reactions
form gas as a product (H2CO3 -> H2O + CO2)
H2CO3
H2O + CO2
H2SO3
H2O + SO2
NH4OH
H2O + NH3
oxidation reduction reaction (redox reaction)
involve the transfer of electronss
signs of redox reaction
substance reacts with elemental oxygen metal reacts with nonmetal one substance transfers electrons to another substance
combustion reaction
a type of redox reaction, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen form co2 and h2o
theoretical yield
the amount of product that can be made in a chemical reaction based on the amount of limiting reactant
percent yield
actual/theoretical * 100
ionic bond
electrons are transferred
covalent bond
electrons are shared
elemental exceptions to the octet rule
helium and hydrogen (duet rule)
pauli exclusion principle
orbitals may hold no more than two electrons with opposing spins
hund's rule
when filling orbitals of equal energy, electrons fill them singly first, with parallel spins
0.0 - 0.4
nonpolar covalent bond0
0.4 - 2.0
polar covalent bond
2.0+
ionic bond
2, 0
linear 180
3, 0
trigonal planar 120
2, 1
trigonal planar 120 bent
4, 0
tetrahedral 109.5
3, 1
tetrahedral 109.5 trigonal pyramidal
2, 2
tetrahedral 109.5 bent
light speed
3.0 * 10.8m/s
wavelength
the distance between adjacent wave crests
frequency
the number of cycles of crests that pass through a stationary point in one second
photon energy
shorter wavelength, greater the energy in this photon
gamma ray
shortest wavelength photons; are harmful to humans because of their frequency
relation between wavelength and frequency
inverse: greater wavelength = shorter frequency
chromium electron configuration
[Ar] 4s1 3d5
copper electron configuration
[Ar] 4s1 3d10
atomic size
moving right = decreases, moving down = increases
ionization energy
moving right = increases, moving down = decreases
metallic character
(not atomic size) move right = decreases, move down = increases
