Hint 231

pathology

study of cell/ tissue changes due to disease

pathophysiology

study of abnormalities in physiology

pathogen

any microorganism that causes disease eg bacteria, virus, fungi, parasite

lesions

the anatomic abnormalities of the disease

pathogenesis

mechanisms that cause the disease

acute onset

sudden onset of disease

insidious onset

gradual onset of disease

acute illness

sudden short term illness can be severe

chronic illness

milder, long term may have remissions exacerbation

subacute

not as severe as acute & short than chronic

Subclinical sub=lower clinical=symptoms

no symptom an early stage not delectable by patient or routine clinical exam

latent stage 1

1.) infection has taken place & pathogen has not yet replicated/amplified; latency ends when person becomes infectious; 2.) a cancer/disease had begun but symptoms are not yet present

incubation stage

the infection has taken place but no signs or symptoms yet; ends when signs and symptoms (usually overlaps with latency stage)

prodromal period

first time one is aware of signs or symptoms

local

involving or affecting only a restricted part of the organism

systemic

whole body

complications

development of further conditions

sequelae ( permeant or long term)

lesions or impairment cause by disease arising as a result of an acute/ chronic condition

convalescence rehab

period of recovery

prognosis

predicated outcome

morbidity

disease rate

mortality

death rate

how are etiology & pathogenesis used to predict clinical manifestations & response to therapy

understanding the cause & effect of a disease/ injury are used to deliver the most effective treatment

biopsy

excision and then examination tissue sample for signs of disease

diagnosis

identification of disease

Etiology

study of causes of disease

• congenital defects, genetic disorder, virus, bacteria, fungus, parasite, immune dysfunction, trauma nutritional deficiencies

symptoms what they feel

subjective manifestation such as pain or weakness

signs

objective manifestation such as swelling or redness

idiopathic

cause of disease is unknown

latrogenic

treatment/drug may cause a disease or illness

predisposing factors

risk factors

• age, gender, genetics, diet, occupation , location

epidemiology

tracking the pattern of disease

why is epidemiology important

prevention strategies & treatment

endemic

a specific disease is maintained in a population without an outside source

epidemic

a specific disease is occurring at a higher rate then expected with in a population

what is a communicable disease

infections

what is a notifiable disease in Canada

disease when diagnose requires health provider usually by law to report to state or public health officials

tranmission by

1 person 2 person

2 insect 2 person

3 animal 2 person

4 contaminated food

5 contaminated water

complexities in diagnosis and treatment

differing signs, symptoms, cost, availability & sensitivity of test

what may patients be not completely honest about

how much alcohol, smoking, drugs

find a cure stage 0 Combinatorial chemistry

purify natural or synthetic compound

find a cure stage 1 basic lab science (cell or animal studies)

grind up plant or synthetically produce compound

purfiy compund

dose -dependent study mortality study, effectiveness study

find a cure stage 2

small # humans

find a cure stage 3

large # humans (double - blind) study

why are most studies stopped in stage 1 or 2

there is a lack of information

why double blind

his procedure is utilized to prevent bias in research results. Double-blind studies are particularly useful for preventing bias due to demand characteristics or the placebo effect.

what is a placebo and why is is used

to learn if the new drug or treatment works better than a substance that does not have an active drug in it

what is off label

the practice of prescribing a drug for a different purpose than what the FDA approved

congenital

disease from birth

genetic / hereditary

A hereditary defect is always inherited from the genes acquired from the parent generation, and may be present at birth or develop later on in life

atrophy cells

bedrest, SCI= spinal cord injury, starvation, ischemia ,hormones

anaplasia

no cell growth

are any cell changes reversible

all of them but neoplasia

what is physiologic hyperplasia

normal cell growth

plasia

normal cell growth/ cell growth in numbers

are neoplasia bengin or malignant

they can be benign but become mligant

difference between physiological and pathological hypertropphy

physiologic is normal /heart structure

pathologic un-regular

true negative lab test

healthy patient with normal test result = true negative

false postive lab test

healthy patient with abnormal test = false postive

fasle negative lab test

sick patent with normal test results

ture positive lab test

sick patient with abnormal test result

pap test

annual screening for dysphasia in cells of the cervix

what test is done first sensitivity or specificity

sensitivity first then specificity after

when is screening useful

1 significant # of population is at risk

2 inexpensive

3 non- invasive

4 treatment exists

sensitive test

identifies 99% postive result

specific test

identifies 99% negative results

valid measurement tool

has been proven to be the best measurement tool for the test

reliable measurement tool

repeatedly gives the same result

genetic test

changes in the genes, chromosomes or proteins in your body eg sickle cell anemia

urinalysis

a test that checks several components of a urine sample eg kidney function

blood test

Find out how well organs such as your kidneys, liver, heart, or thyroid are working bone marrow function ; liver function; immune marker ; enzyme

pulmonary functions

show how well the lungs are working spirometry , measuring lung volume

ECG - Echocardiogram

assess the structure and function of the heart and can assist with diagnosing cardiac disease and monitoring disease progression.

ECG electrocardiogram

An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a simple, non-invasive test that records the electrical activity of the heart.

EMG Electromyography

Electromyography (EMG) measures muscle response or electrical activity in response to a nerve's stimulation of the muscle.

imaging test

provide a picture of the body's interior—of the whole body or part of it. x ray ultrasound ,CT , scan, MRI

endoscopy

a procedure that uses an endoscope to look inside the body to examine or treat organs or structures

histology

diagnosis and study of diseases of the tissues view biopsy under microscope

congenital and hereditary disease = developmental disturbances

1 genetic abnormality eg genetic mutation causing hemophilia

2 intrauterine injury er rubella virus infection

3 interaction of genetic and environmental factors maternal alcoholism/ drug consumption + genetic susceptibility

inflammatory disease

1 bacteria or other microbiologic agent (virus, fungi, parasite)

2 allergic reaction

3 autoimmune disease

4 unknown ethology

degenerative disease

tissue or organ degeneration as a result of disease or aging

• possible contributing factor include lipid or protein or carbohydrate or pigment to toxin accumulation (endogenous or exogenous) in cells that inhibit cell funciton

metabolic disease

associated with disturbance in metabolic processes

neoplastic disease

uncontrolled cell growth

General mechanism of intercellular accumulation one

abnormal metabolism as in fatty change in the liver increased lipogenesis decreased lipolysis

General mechanism of intercellular accumulation three

deficiency of critical enzyme responsible for lysosomal degeneration

General mechanism of intercellular accumulation two

mutation causing alteration in protein folding and transport so that defective proteins accumulate

General mechanism of intercellular accumulation four

an inability to degrade phagocytosed particles such as coal dust

intracellular accumulation

can occur with aging or disease (endogenous) and exposure to toxin (exogenous)

disease can also cause this which can negativity affect the cell function

cell death

unplanned or planned cell suicide

apoptosis

programmed cell death - normal occurrence

• digest themselves enzymatically

unplanned cell death

can occurs as a result of cell damage caused by factors ischemia, hypoxia

planned cell death

normal part of development

triggered by infection hypoxia

aging degenerative disease

ischemia

interruption of blood flow to an area resulting in O2 and nutrient deficit as well as metabolic waste accumulation causes more cell injury than hypoxia alone

hypoxia

reduced oxygen in tissues ;usually cause by ischemia can be caused by edema

which organs are most sensitive to hypoxia

Caspase enzymatic cascade

triggered by bacterial LPS,ROS, DNA damage, senescence or low ATP level cause apoptosis

planned cell death cell shrinks

shrinks and become rounds

planned cell death chromatin condenses

and arranges into compact patches against nuclear envelope

planned cell death nuclear envelope

disintegrates & DNA fragments

planned cell death cell membrane forms

forms bleb breaking off into apoptosis bodies for phagocytosis clean up

physical damage

excessive heat or cold

radiation exposure (especially ionizing)