Invertebrates

Porifera

Phylum of sponges

multicellular

porous body

diploblast

an animal whose embryo develops from two primary germ layers: the ectoderm (outer layer) and the endoderm (inner layer)

triploblast

three embryonic cell layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm), as in all multicellular animals except sponges and coelenterates.

diploblasts 

ctenophora: comb jellies

cnidaria: jellyfish, corals, sea anemones

rotifer

microscopic invertebrate animals found in water

platyhelminthes

flatworms and tapeworms

annelida

segmented worms

mollusca

snails, clams, squid, and octopi

ecdysozoa

nematoda and arthropoda

nematoda

roundworms

arthropoda

insects, spiders, crustaceans

duetrosomes

embryonic development, the blastopore (the first opening) becomes the anus, and the mouth forms second

duetrosomes include (2)

echinodermata and chordata

echinodermata

sea stars, sand dollars

chordata

tunicates, vertebrates

estimate of # of animal species

8-50 million

what contributes the most animal biomass

arthropods and fish

why is the insect apocalypse bad

pollination and food

base of food chain

decomposers 

all animals are

• Multicellular

• Heterotrophic

• Capable of movement

All animals except sponges have the following

• Nerve cells

• Muscle cells

• Complex tissues 

animal characteristics symmetry

radial, bilateral, and asymmetrical

radial symmetry

found in animals like starfish and jellyfish, where body parts are arranged around a central axis

bilateral symmetry 

two-sided mirror symmetry, found in animals like mammals and birds, that facilitates coordinated movement and directed behaviors

asymmetrical symmetry

the body parts are not arranged in a symmetrical pattern.

The simplest animals, like the sea sponge

nervous system types

nerve net

central nervous system with cephalization

tissue layers

diploblastic and triploblastic 

diploblast 

only ctenophores and cnidarians

ectoderm and endoderm

triploblast

ecotoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

ecotoderm

1

skin and nervous system

mesoderm

2

circulatory system, muscles, bones, organs

endoderm

lining of digestive tract, liver

tube within a tube design

triploblastic

coelom

the main body cavity in many triploblastic animals

an extensive internal space which separates the body from the gut, and contains organs 

gastrulation

formation of gut and embryonic germ layers

protosomes

embryonic development, where the mouth forms from the first opening to the embryonic gut

deuterostomes

anus develops first from the blastopore during embryonic development, and the mouth develops secondarily

blastula

an animal embryo at the early stage of development when it is a hollow ball of cells.

gastrula

early stage of embryonic development in most animals, formed from a single-layered blastula during the process of gastrulation

segmentation

division of the body or part of the body into a series of similar structures

ex. earthworms but also human backbones

ex. of convergent evolution

asexual reproduction

involves a single parent and produces offspring that are genetically identical clones of the parent

modes of embryonic development

1. viviparous

2. oviparous

3. ovoviviparous 

viviparous

species nourish embryos internally and give birth to live young 

mammals

oviparous

species deposit fertilized eggs; embryos are nourished by yolk

most insects, birds

ovoviviparous

species retain eggs internally (embryos are nourished by yolk) and give birth to live young

snakes

characteristics that change because of evolution (7)

1. sensory abilities

2. feeding types and ecological roles

3. movement

4. reproduction

5. embryonic development

6. life cycle

7. parthenogenesis

sensory abilities 

sight, hearing, taste/smell, touch

ecological roles/feeding types

detritivores (feed on dead organic matter), herbivores, carnivores, omnivores

typical animal life cycle

fertilizatiuon, (zygote), embryogenesis, (larva), metamorphosis, (juvenile) growth, (adult), gametogenesis (egg or sperm)

Life cycle diploid dominant and many do

metamorphosis

organism's body form changes dramatically as it develops from an immature stage to an adult

parthenogenesis

form of asexual reproduction where an egg develops into an individual without fertilization by sperm

ex. daphnia, condors