Chemistry Unit 2 2024-25

Meth-

1

Eth-

2

Prop-

3

But-

4

Pent-

5

Hex-

6

Hept-

7

Oct-

8

Non-

9

Dec-

10

Cyclo-

ring

Benzene

Consists of a ring of six carbon atoms with alternating single and double carbon-carbon bonds.

General formula for alkanes

CnH2n+2

general formula for rings

CnH2n

general formula for alcohols

CnH2n+2OH

Combustion Reactions Complete

CnHm + O2 --> CO2(g) + H2O(g)

Incomplete Combustion Reactions

CnHm + O2 --> CO2(g) + H2O(g) + CO(g) + C(s)

Neutralization Reactions

Acid (H+) + Base (OH-) = Ionic salt + water (LIQUID THAT COULD BE THE PRODUCE FOR NET IONIC EQUATIONS)

Particulate Diagrams

Show how particles are behaving in solutions, think of lewis structures.

Net Ionic Equations

the ones it takes to make the precipitate

How to do an Net Ionic Equation

1. Balanced chemical equations for the reaction.

2. Write out total ionic equation à all subscripts become number in the front à must add charge. a. Leave the solid compound as is à DON'T SPLIT IT

3. Cancel out any ions that do not appear in the solid compound à THEY STAY THE SAME STATE

4. Rewrite final net ionic equation à WITH IONS THAT MAKE THE SOLID

Oxidation

loss of electron = reducing agent

Reduction

gain of electron = oxidizing agent

common/specific groups and values

o Oxygen: -2, unless peroxide (YxOx) then oxygen is a charge of -1

o Hydrogen: +1 when nonmetals, -1 with metals

o Group 17: -1 in combinations with metals and nonmetals (WITH OXYGEN THE HALOGEN TAKES THE + UNLESS ITS FLORINE THE -)

o Group 2: +2 in all compounds o Group 1: +1 in all compounds

Half Reaction

o Oxidized is on the right.

o Reduced is on the left.

Nuclear Half Life

The time it takes for ½ of the quantity of the substance to decay.

Fusion

Fusion: lighter nuclei combine into a heavier one

Fission

heavier nucleus splits into lighter ones

Gamma

0/0 y, type of nuclear reaction

Beta

0/-1 e, 0/+1 for a positron, nuclear reaction

Alpha

4/2 He, nuclear reaction

Emission

ATFER ON RIGHT Proton emission 1+1p or (H) Electron emission 0-1e Positron emission 0+1e Neutron emission 10n

Absorption

BEFORE ON LEFT Proton absorption 1+1p or (H) Electron absorption 0-1e Positron absorption 0+1e Neutron absorption 10n