302 Term Test 2

What are the inter-relationships and functions of the circulatory system?

O2 and nutrients in the blood distributed by the heart

De-O2 blood to the lungs

Waste products

Transport system

What lines blood vessels and lymphatics?

An endothelial cells = endothelium (epithelium that lines vessels)

What does simple squamous epithelia do?

Facilitates diffusion and transport

Usually 1 surface is facing a cavity or lumen of an internal duct → Lungs, capillaries

What makes up the endothelium?

Simple squamous epithelia

What are the main components of the circulatory system?

Heart

• Pump

Vascular system

• Circuit of vessels

• Arterial system

  • Blood away from heart

• Venous system

  • Blood towards heart

Lymphatic system

• Drains fluids back to venous system

What is the lymphatic system?

Collects fluids from connective tissues

Vessels consisting of endothelium only

Flattened

No RBCs → Pink

Have no shape

Where do the parts of the heart go?

Pulmonary artery → to lung

Left atrium → oxygenated blood in (from lung)

Right atrium → deoxygenated blood in (from body)

What are the 3 layers of the heart tissue?

Endocardium → Myocardium → Epicardium

What makes up the tissues of the heart?

Endo and epicardium → Simple squamous epithelium

Myocardium → Muscle

Identify the structure?

Ventricles

Identify this?

Left ventricle → much more density and more muscular

Identify this?

Right ventricle → much less density

What does the left ventricle do?

Receives oxygenated blood from lungs

Pumps into systemic circulation

BV closer to heart, have characteristics to match that force

What tissue is indicated by the arrow?

Simple squamous epithelium of endocardium of the ventricle

Supported by a few fibres of connective tissues

What tissue is this?

Endocardium of the Atrium

Inner surface

• Simple squamous epithelium

• Supported by thin layer of DICT

What structure is this?

Myocardium of the left ventricle

What is special about the myocardium?

Cardiac muscle

Thickest layer

Ventricle folds = trabecular carnae

Identify this structure and main component

Atrium and main density is myocardium

Identify this structure

Epicardium of the ventricle

What makes up the epicardium?

Outer mesothelial cells (often missing)

Supported by DICT

Loose CT = unilocular adipose

Identify the structure and the tissue indicated by the arrow

Epicardium of the atrium

What are the layers of the Blood vessels?

Tunica Intima (Coat, inside, endothelium)

Tunica Media (Middle / smooth muscle)

Tunica Adventitia (Externa → CT, Dense)

How do the walls of CV system and the GI tract differ?

CV have 1 layer of muscle while GI tract have 2 or 3.

What are 2 ways to identify veins vs arteries?

Tunica media of arteries are thicker

Arteries are more circular and shaped.

Do veins and arteries occur together?

Yes, commonly with a nerve → neurovascular bundle

What makes up a large (elastic) Artery (Aorta)?

Close to heart

• Elastic nature acts as a buffer

T. intima

• Endothelium + Elastin + Collagen

T. Media (Thick)

• Mostly elastic fiber

• Collagen

• Smooth muscle

Adventitia (thin)

• vaso vasorum → own blood supply

Identify these two vessels?

Both are Elastic / Large Arteries

Identify structure circled

Vaso vasorum

What is indicated by the lines?

Blue: T. Media

Green: T. adventitia

Identify this vessel?

Large Artery

Identify this vessel

Large Vein

Identify this

Vaso vasorum

Identify the vessel?

Medium Arteries

What is a distinctive feature of medium arteries?

Very muscular but also has an IEL and EEL on either side of TM.

Identify this vessel

Medium vein

What is a distinctive feature of Medium veins?

Has an IEL but no EEL has (acts like an IEL but isn’t)

Identify this vessel

Arteriole

Identify the vessel indicated by the arrow

Arteriole

Identify the vessel indicated by the arrow

Venule

Identify the vessel indicated by the arrow?

Venule

Identify the parts of this structure

A photo of a vein

Green: Valves

Red: RBC

What are valves?

Only seen in veins or lymphatic vessels

Extension of TI.

Identify the structure

Lymphatic vessel

What are the types of capillaries?

Continuous, Fenestrated, Discontinuous → name refers to epithelium

What is continuous capillaries?

All cells are connected and equal thickness

What is Fenestrated capillaries?

Windowed → small gaps → better diffusion

In Kidney

What is Discontinuous capillaries?

Sinusoidal → big gaps → best diffusion

In Liver

Identify this vessel

Capillary → roughly same size as an RBC (Middle)

Identify the white circles

Pinocytic vesicles → allows for molecular transport from lumen

Identify this vessel

Capillary → one RBC thick

Identify the structure indicated by the circle

Capillary

identify the vessel

Capillary (blue) with Pericyte (Yellow)

Identify the vessel

Fenestrated capillary

Identify the vessel

Fenestrated capillary

Identify the vessel

Medium Artery

Identify the layer indicated by the line

Tunica media

Identify the vessel

Lymphatic vessel

Identify the vessel

Venule

What is the integument system?

Skin and its appendages

What are the appendages of the integument system?

Adnexa

• Nails

• Hair follicles

• Glands

  • Sebaceous

  • eccrine

  • apocrine

What is the function of the integument system?

Protection

Temperature regulation

Moisture control

Sensory

How does the integument system temperature regulate?

Vasoconstrict blood vessels → keeps heat in

Vasodilation blood vessels → allows heat out

Thermogenesis → sweats to evaporate water and cools us

How does the integument system protect?

Melanin absorb UV

Metabolic: Vitamin D

Nails provide physical support → tools, prevents injury

Prevents water loss

Provides barrier against “wetting”

Glabrous skin (hairless and thick)

Nerve dependent → not osmosis (Skin wrinkles based on nerves to offer more grip)

How does the integument system offer sensory function?

Largest sensory organ in the body → 16% of body weight

Has many many nerves

What does the appearance of skin tell you?

It is an indicator for health

What are the main components of the integument system?

1. Epidermis

2. Papillary dermis

3. Reticular dermis

4. Hypodermis

5. Eccrine sweat glands

6. Adipose cells

7. Hair follicle

8. Sebaceous gland

9. Apocrine sweat gland

10. Pacinian corpuscle

11. Erector muscle

12. Blood vessels

13. Sensory nerve ending

14. Dermal Papillae

15. Rete Ridges

What are the different accessory cells in the integument system?

Melanocyte

Langerhans cell

Merkel cell

What does a melanocyte do?

Pigment cell

In the stratum basale

What does a Langerhans cell do?

Macrophage derivative

In the Stratum spinosum

What does a merkel cell do?

Attached to free (non-myelinated) nerve ending

Sensitive to touch (mechanoreceptors)

Touch

in the stratum basale

What are the layers of the skin?

Epidermis

• Epithelium

Dermis

• Connective tissue

Hypodermis

• Adipose tissue

• Connective tissue

What is the epidermis?

Has keratin

Offers protection

Has folds

• Rete ridges (dips down)

• Dermal Papillae (dips up)

What are the layers of the Epithelium - Strata in order from top to bottom?

1. Stratum corneum

2. Stratum granulosum

3. Stratum spinosum

4. Stratum basale

What are the different parts of the Stratum basale?

Single cell layer

Mitotic cells → regenerates, dividing layer (reason why it looks multilayered)

Basal lamina → bellow and connects to CT

What is happening and where?

Cells are dividing in the stratum basale

What is happening and where?

Cells are becoming keratinocytes

Identify

an EM of the Dermo-epidermal junction

Identify structure that is circled?

Hemidesmosomes that are connecting to the basement membrane (At the dermo-epidermal junction)

Identify the layers indicated by the blue line

Stratum Spinosum

What are key features of the Stratum spinosum?

Keratinocytes

2-10 cells thick

Connected through desmosomes (connects cells to cells)

Identify the blue circles

Desmosomes

Where is this, and what is the arrow pointed at?

Stratum Spinosum

Langerhans cells

What are melanocytes?

Transient cell → clear

Dies in stratum spinosum

Makes pigment (melanin)

UV protection nucleus

• Expose UV light

• Increase melanin production

Identify the circled cell

Melanocyte (no distinct colour)

What is the circled cell?

Melanocyte

What are Langerhans cells?

Irregularly shaped dendritic cells

Antigen presenting

Allergic reaction

What is circled?

Langerhans cells

Identify the cell

Langerhans cell

What are key features of the Granulosum?

3-5 layers

Losing Nuclei and cytoplasmic organelles

Keratinized squames

Granules = secretion for water sealant

What layer is circled here?

Stratum Granulosum

What is the Stratum Corneum?

Dead cells

Flattened scales

Densely packed keratin

What is the Stratum Lucidum?

A layer in thick skin

Soles of feet and palms of hands

Glabrous skin → devoid of hair

What is circled here?

Sweat glands

What is layer is circled here?

Stratum Lucidum

What does Stratum Lucidum do?

Act as a water barrier

Made up of anucleated keratinocytes

Name the layers top to bottom?

Dermis, epidermis, Stratum Lucidum, Corneum

What is the dermis?

Loose and dense irregular connective tissue

• Structural support

• protection

Blood vessels (stop in dermis)

Nerves

Sensory receptors

Epidermal specializations

• Hair

• Sweat glands

• Sebaceous glands

What makes up the connective tissue of the dermis?

Papillary dermis → Bumps into epidermis

Reticular dermis → rest on dermis

Identify the two layers?

Yellow: Papillary dermis

Green: Reticular dermis

What is the papillary dermis?

Loose connective tissue

Highly vascular

Dermal Papillae

More cells