communications exam 2

hearing

the passive, physiological process in which sound is received by the ear

listening

the active process of making meaning out of another person’s spoken message

how much time do college students spend listening

50% of their time

types of listening (why we are listen)

• informal listening - listening to learn

• critical listening - listening to evaluate

• empathetic listening - listening to provide support

• appreciative listening - listening for enjoyment

preferred listening styles (how we listen)

• people-oriented - emphasizes concern for others

• action-oriented - emphasizes organization and precision

• content-oriented - emphasizes intellectual challenges

• time-oriented - emphasizes efficiency

listen effectively

effective listening involves listening with the conscious mind and explicit goal of understanding what the speaker is attempting to communicate

HURIER model of listening

• 6 stages of effective listening

1. hearing

2. understanding

3. remembering

4. interpreting

5. evaluating

6. responding

barriers to effective listening - contextual

things within our environment

• difficult listening situations

• distractions

• uninteresting topic

barriers to effective listening - cognitive

happen within our brain

• information overload

• glazing over

• bias and prejudice

• rebuttal tendency

• competitive interrupting

• pseudolistening

why relationships matter

• the need to belong theory

• relationships bring emotional, material and health rewards

• relationships carry costs

common characteristics of personal relationships

• close relationships require commitment

• close relationships foster interdependence

• close relationships require continuous investment

• close relationships spark dialectal tensions

levels of commitment

• emotional commitment

• social commitment

• legal and financial commitment

emotional commitment

a sense of responsibility for each others feelings and emotional well being

social commitment

a motivation to spend time together, to compromise, to be generous with praise and to avoid petty conflict

legal and financial commitment

formal expressions of people’s obligations to each other

theories of relationship formation

• attraction theory

• uncertainty reduction theory

• predicted outcome theory

• stages of relationship development

attraction theory

• physical attraction

• social attraction

• task attraction

apearance, proximity, similarity and complementary all around attraction

uncertainty reduction theory

theory suggests that we find uncertainty upleastant so we are motivated to reduce that uncertainty by using communication behaviors to get to know more about others

predicted outcome theory

did you like what you learned? yes no

predicted outcome value. positive negative

predicted behavior pattern approach avoidance

stages of relationship development

initiating (people meet & interact for the first time) → experimenting (individuals have conversations to learn more about each other) → intensifying (individuals move from being acquaintances to being close friends) → integrating (develop a deep commitment) → bonding (people publicly announce their commitment)

dialectual tensions

• autonomy vs. connection

• openness vs. closedness

• predictability vs. novely

managing dialectual tensions

1. denial

2. disorientation

3. alteration

4. segmentation

5. balance

6. integration

7. recalibration

8. reaffirmation

denial

responding to only one side of the tensions and ignoring the other

disorientation

escaping the tension entirely by ending the relationship

alteration

going back and forth between the two sides of a tension

segmentation

dealing with one side of a tension in some aspects, or segments, of one’s relationship, and dealing with the other side of the tension using other segments

balance

compromise between the two opposing forces of a tension

integration

try to develop behaviors that will satisfy both sides of the tension simultaneously

recalibration

reframing a tension so that the contradiction between opposing needs disappears

reaffirmation

embracing dialectual tensions as a normal part of life

what is a self-concept?

your self concept or identity is composed of your stable ideas about who you are

self concepts are

• multifaceted - johari window

• partly subjective

• enduring but changeable - as you age you change, change in traumatic events

the johari window

how do self concepts develop

• personality and biology

• culture and gender roles

• reflected appraisal - how others see us can become how we see ourselves

  • looking glass self - Individuals develop their self-image based on how they believe others perceive them

• social comparison - comparing yourself with others

awareness and management of the self

• self-monitoring

• self-fulfilling prophecy

• self-disclosure

self-monitoring

our ability to monitor how our behavior is being received by/effecting others

self-fulfilling prophecy

pre planning a conversation or how others may act

self-disclosure

the act of intentionally giving others information about ourselves that we believe to be true but we think they don’t already have

principles of self disclosure

• is intentional and truthful

• varies in breadth and depth

  • breadth: describes the range of topics you discuss with various people

  • depth: measures how personal or intimate your disclosures are

• varies among relationships

• is usually reciprocal

• can serve many purposes

• is influenced by culture and gender roles

• is a gradual process

social penetration theory

helps explain differences in breadth and depth

• we get to know one another through 2 processes

  • breadth and depth disclosure

    • similar to peeling back the layers of an onion, the outside is more broad topics and the closer you get to the core more specific the topic are

stages of social penetration theory

• orientation stage

• exploratory affective stage

• affective stage

• stable stage

• depenetration

orientation stage

communicators become acquainted by exchanging non-intimate info about themselves - interaction adheres to social norms

• some breadth, no depth

exploratory affective stage

communicators begin to reveal more about themselves, but deeply personal information is withheld

• increasing breadth, no depth

affective stage

communicators begin to disclose personal and private matters

• increasing breadth, some depth

stable stage

communicators share a relationship in which disclosure is open and comfortable, they can predict how the other person will react to certian types of information

• high breadth, high depth

depenetration

occurs when one or both communicators perceive that the cost of self-disclosure outweighs its benefits, communicators withdraw from sel-disclosure

• decreasing breadth and depth

perception

the process of making meaning from the things we experience in our environment

interpersonal perception

occurs when we apply the perception process to people and relationships

3 stages of the perception process

• selection

• organization

• interpretation

selection

the process in which your mind and body help you choose certain stimuli to attend to

• factors that increase/affect the likelihood of you focusing on something

  • unusual or unexpected

  • if something is repeated

  • intensity (loud, flashy etc)

organization

helps you make sense of the information by revealing how it is similar to and different from other things you know about

• 4 perceptual scheme to classify this info

  • physical constructs: emphasize peoples appearance

  • role constructs: emphasize peoples social or professional position

  • interaction constructs: emphasize peoples behavior

  • psychological constructs: emphasize peoples thoughts and feelings

interpretation

when your assign meaning to figure out what it means to you

• factors

  • personal experience you had in the past

  • general knowledge

  • closeness with the person

influence on perceptual accuracy

• physical states and traits

• culture and co-culture

• social roles

physical states and traits

• STATES: temporary conditions that influence how we perceive the world (distractions)

• TRAITS: ongoing, stable conditions that influence how we perceive the world (ADHD)

culture and co-culture

norms - expected or unexpected (rules and expectations)

social roles

• tied to norms and expectations

• occupational, family roles

attribution

an explanation of why a behavior occurred

attributions for behaviors vary among 3 dimensions

• locus

• stability

• controllability

locus

refers to where the cause of a behavior is “located”

• locus can refer to a behavior being:

  • within ourselves (internal)

  • outside ourselves (external)

stability

refers to whether the cause of a behavior is due to something that is permanent/ semi-permanent or easily changed or to something unstable

controllability

cause for behavior vary in how controllable they are. it answers the question: was the behavior under the person’s control?

fundamental attribution error

we attribute other people’s behaviors to internal causes more than to external causes (Essentially, we blame others' actions on "who they are," while blaming our own mistakes on external circumstances)

self-serving bias

we attribute our successes to internal causes and our failures to external bias

over attribution

we focus on one characteristic of a person and attribute a wide variety of behavior to that characteristic