DNA typing

SNPs vs STR vs VNTR

• SNPs

  • SNPs is a — nucleotide difference between DNA sequences

  • used as a marker for — genes, human ID and — analysis

  • detected by: sequencing, — and melt curve analysis

• STRs

  • aka: —satelites

  • — sequence repeated all over the chromosome

    • each individual will have a different — (number of repeats, not the repeat itself)

  • short array: — - — bp

  • detected by: — with an — ladder, — PCR to detect — loci

• VNTRs

  • aka —satelites

  • — repeats compared to STRs

  • — - — bp

  • detected by: — blot with single or multi loci probe

    • results in — bands which can make DNA fingerprinting

    • can use either — electrophoresis (—) or gel electrophoresis (—)

single, mapping, chimerism, microarrays, micro, short, length, 1-7, PCR, allelic, multiplex, multiple, mini, longer, 8-100, southern, 2, capillary, peaks, bands

All three polymorphisms (—, —, —) can cause — (= restriction fragment altered by changes in or between enzyme recognition site)

• SNPs causing RFLP

  • determined by the change in — and —

    • affected by an insertion or deletion of a — enzyme

• VNTRs causing RFLP

  • restriction site will be the —, the number of units — the site changes

    • change in —

SNPs, STRs, VNTRs, RFLP, size, number, restriction, same, within, length

amelogenin locus

• the different loci polymorphism (— sequence variation) differentiate between — and —

  • used for — identification

• amelogenin is the most common — - determining marker used in forensic DNA analysis

• this is — an —

natural, male, female, gender, sex, not, STR

DNA based identity tests

• to ID for their — loci (DNA regions) that are — to create a profile (DNA —)

  • there is a — chance that another person has the — loci/profile

• types of tests

  • — blot with — probe loci

  • — blot with — locus

  • —

  • — - PCR

• two samples are considered different (—) if there is — locus that does not match

• positive identification is — and requires testing of — loci plus statistical calculations

  • — match probability

• the power of discrimination— with the number of loci profiled

specific, unique, fingerprinting, small, same, southern, multi, southern, single, RFLP, STR, exclusion, one, harder, multiple, random, increases

DNA based paternity test

• to find out if two or more people are — related

  • in this test, people will have — profiles but not the — profile

• used for chain of —

• useful polymorphic loci to analyze for DNA based parentage testing:

  • have a high degree of —

  • low rates of — or instability

  • confer no — advantage

  • be inherited co- —

• testing:

  • southern blot with — probes

  • — or — amplified by —

biologically, similar, same, custody, heterozygosity, recombination, selective, dominant, specific, STR, VNTR, PCR

— — —: the allele that the child has that does not match the mothers

• child will have — bands, one from — and the other from —

—: when alleged father does not have the obligate paternal allele with the child at — or more loci

—: alleged father shares all obligate paternal allele with child and probability value of at least 99.99%

obligate paternal allele, 2, mom, dad, exclusion, 3, inclusion

Locus 1: suspect — is the perpetrator

Locus 2: suspect — is the perpetrator

Locus 3: suspect — — be identified because — mismatch allele is enough to exclude the suspect out

2, 2, can not, 1

southern blot with single probe locus

Probe A: mother matches with the — band, father matches with the — band = alleged father — the father

Probe B: the mother matches the — band, alleged father — — match any of the childs bands = alleged father in — the father (—)

bottom, top, is, top, does not, not, exclusion

if all obligate paternal alleles are shared between the child and alleged father = the father — the child’s father

• this is an example of —

is, inclusion

this is an example if — because there are — or more — that do not match the alleged father

exclusion, 3, loci