Semester 1 Review- Ap biology

chloroplast

organelle that converts sunlight into chemical energy

thylakoids

membrane sacs where light reactions occur

grana

stacks of thylakoids

stroma

fluid where the Calvin cycle occurs

mitochondria

site of ATP production

mitochondrial matrix

space where the Krebs cycle occurs

cristae

inner membrane folds that increase surface area

inner mitochondrial membrane

location of ETC and chemiosmosis

outer mitochondrial membrane

outer boundary of mitochondrion

Golgi apparatus

modifies, sorts, and ships proteins

cis end of Golgi apparatus

receiving side near ER

trans end of Golgi apparatus

shipping side that forms vesicles

vesicles

membrane sacs for transport

free ribosomes

make proteins used in cytosol

bound ribosomes

make proteins for secretion or membranes

lysosome

digestive enzyme sac

endoplasmic reticulum

membrane network for protein and lipid transport

cell wall

rigid protective layer in plants

vacuole

large storage sac

peroxisome

breaks down fatty acids and toxins

microfilament

actin fibers for cell shape and movement

microtubules

tubulin tubes for transport and chromosome movement

intermediate filaments

fibers that provide structural support

plasmodesmata

channels connecting plant cells

tight junctions

prevent leakage between cells

desmosomes

anchoring junctions that hold cells together

gap junctions

channels for cell communication

cholesterol

stabilizes membrane fluidity

extracellular matrix fibers

anchor cells and stabilize proteins

glycolipid

lipid cell-recognition marker

integral protein

membrane protein for transport or signaling

peripheral protein

surface membrane protein

glycoprotein

protein cell-recognition marker

phospholipid bilayer

membrane structure with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

osmosis

diffusion of water across a membrane

diffusion

movement from high to low concentration

facilitated diffusion

passive transport using proteins

active transport

energy-requiring transport against gradient

sodium potassium pump

uses ATP to move Na⁺ out and K⁺ in

catabolic

breaks down molecules

anabolic

builds molecules

cellular respiration

process that produces ATP from glucose

glycolysis

glucose broken down into pyruvate

citric acid cycle

produces electron carriers

electron transport chain

creates proton gradient

chemiosmosis

ATP production using proton gradient

ATP synthase

enzyme that makes ATP

alcoholic fermentation

anaerobic process producing ethanol

lactic acid fermentation

anaerobic process producing lactate

oxidation

loss of electrons

reduction

gain of electrons

NAD⁺

electron carrier

FAD

electron carrier

autotroph

makes its own food

heterotroph

consumes other organisms

light reactions

produce ATP, NADPH, and oxygen

Calvin cycle

produces sugars from CO₂

centromere

region that holds sister chromatids together

mitosis

division of the nucleus

centrosome

microtubule organizing center

centriole

spindle organizer in animal cells

aster

star-shaped microtubules

sister chromatids

identical chromosome copies

daughter chromosomes

separated sister chromatids

interphase G1

cell growth

interphase S

DNA replication

interphase G2

preparation for division

mitosis prophase

chromosomes condense

mitosis metaphase

chromosomes align

mitosis anaphase

chromatids separate

mitosis telophase

nuclei reform

cytokinesis

cytoplasm divides