AP World Unit 1

Song Dynasty

Came before the tang, had a smaller territory and emphasis on art.

Imperial Bureaucracy

Carry out the empire's policy. The song dynasty increased it which strengthened the empire.

Meritocracy

exists within the bureaucracy, a good score on this text will give you a better job

Civil Service Exam

and example of meritocracy, was based in Confucian texts, was effective at first but eventually began to weaken the song dynasty

Grand Canal

an example of a success within the tang dynasty, led the song to be \#1 in trade

gunpowder

example of the success of the tang, guns began to spread on the silk road b/c of the discovery of gunpowder

Agricultural Productivity

champa rice expanded agricultural production in china (was an innovation). use of manure, elaborate irrigation, terraces, and cultivated land. more food led to having more people which grew China's population from 25% to 40% of world population.

champa rice

was quick to grow, drought resistant, and from vietnam. it expanded agricultural production in china and was an innovation

black earth

aka coal, led to cast iron production and later made steel for infrastructure and religion

protoindustrialization

rural areas made more than they could sell (items made by artisans, not factories) of steel and porcelain.

commercialization

china converted to a commercialized society, local consumption turned to production for markets

tributes

money or goods from surrounding areas (ex. korea, japan, south east asia, paid them to china)

Scholar gentry

the most educated and influential citizens, part of the bureaucracy of china

class structure

when the bureaucracy increased, rural areas became more complex

Top -\> Scholar gentry (very influential)

Bottom -\> lower class (hard work was valued)

foot binding

when women had their feet broken and bound into a shape that made them unable to walk, was a symbol of high status, it was banned in 1912

woodblock printing

the chinese invented paper and this system of printing, helped make books that were useful (ex. how to farm rice)

buddhism

arrived in china via the silk road, was popular during the tang dynasty. 3 types:

theravada -\> spiritual, meditation, self discipline

mahahana -\> spiritual growth for all, most pop. in china

tibetan -\> chanting, most popular in tibet

characteristics of buddhism

believed in the 4 noble truths, suffering was alleviated by eliminating cravings and and following the 8 fold path

filial piety

submission to the man of the house or authority figures, this helped benefit the song

neo-confucianism

was a syncretic, rational thought

feudalism

the land owners fought the aristocrats (daimyo) and farmers. there was little social mobility here (serfs -\>samurai-\>daimyo). in this system the shogun had less power than the daimyo.

Shogunate

The japanese system of centralized government under a shogun, who exercised actual power while the emperor was reduced to a figurehead. (foreign religion was disliked, the military increased in power, they exercised a lot of control over other countries

nuclear families

a family made up of parents and their children, a change in a new social structure in japan which allowed for more freedom for women in marriage

Muhammad

Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam, increased its spread from india to spain, was tolerant of other monotheistic religions

House of Wisdom

a center of learning established in Baghdad in the 800s, many abbasids went here to study. the islamic community transferred knowledge through afro-eurasia. the islamic states replaced the abbasids

egyptian mamluks

Arabs often purchased enslaved peoples, or Mamluks, who served as soldiers and later bureaucrats. In 1250 Mamluks seized control in Egypt establishing the Mamluk Sultanate (1250-1517) They facilitated trade in cotton and sugar between the Islamic world and Europe

Seljuk Turks

central asians who challenged the abbasids (muslims), they conquered the middle east and western china

sultan

title for a ruler of a Muslim country, this leader decreased the power of abbasid rulers

crusaders

Christian warriors sent to regain the Holy Land (Jerusalem) from the Muslims that controlled

mongols

conquerers of the abbasids, but were stopped by the mamluks when pushing west to egypt

baghdad

Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon, eventually decayed

Abbasid Caliphate

Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, they overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad (founded 762) from 750 to 1258.

shariah

a law code drawn up by Muslim scholars after Muhammad's death, kept culture stronger

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi

a celebrated islamic scholar (astronomy, law, logic, ethics, math, philosophy, medicine, hospitals, algebra, calligraphy, university, libraries, architecture)

Ibn Khaldun

Arab historian, historiography, sociology

Aishah al-Ba'uniyyah

a female poet who honored muhammad and contrasted muslims and sufis

sufis

spread islam by weaving it with other cultures and local traditions

merchants

commerce powered philosophy and being a merchant was considered prestigious (muhammad and his wife were merchants)

slavery

muslims couldn't enslave other monotheists so they got people from elsewhere. this kind of slavery was hereditary and people escaped by converting to islam

hijabs

muslim women were made to be modest and wear these head coverings

Islamic women

islamic women had a higher status and power than jewish or christian (property ownership, divorce, etc.)

Umayyads

muslim dynasty that ruled in spain for many years

battle of tours

proved that islamic forces could not take control in europe, and europe was primarily christian

al-Andalus

an islamic state that was a center of learning in spain

Ibn Rushd

averroes, and influential scholar who influenced monotheistic religions

Lal Ded

(mother lalla) poet who captured religious traditions in south and southern asia

Islam

clashed with muslims and created developments throughout history in south and southeast asia. islam had an earlier start

Hindu

clashed with islam and created developments in life in south and southeast asia.

Buddhism

Belief system that started in India in the 500s BC. Happiness can be achieved through removal of one's desires. Believers seek enlightenment and the overcoming of suffering. Had a strong presence in south and southeast asia.

sinhala dynasties

buddhism was popular in this dynasty located in sri-lanka

gupta dynasty

when the Gupta Empire ruled India with political peace and prosperity, it led way to the golden age.

chola dynasty

Dynasty that ruled Southern India, making it more stable than the north

Vijayanagara Empire

Southern Indian kingdom that later fell to the Mughals

Delhi Sultanate

The first Islamic government established within India from 1206-1520. Controlled a small area of northern India and was centered in Delhi. it always wished to expand rule. (it was decentralized and so power and policy decreased) lost land to the mughals

Rajput Kingdom

Have a lot of Agricultural power, they were not unified (clans constantly at war with each other), they were hindu, and prone to attack from muslims

caste system

south asian societal system that created stability in a decentralized government. newcomers could find a place in it

Urdu

A Persian-influenced literary form of Hindi written in Arabic characters and used as a literary language since the 1300s.

The bhakti movement

Started in Southern India that appealed to many believers because it did not discriminate against women or people of low social status . It placed less emphasis on strict adherence to traditional rituals and beliefs and appealed to many people by focusing on a strong attachment to a particular deity

Srivijaya Empire

A maritime empire that controlled the Sunda strait the strait of Malacca between India and China. HS: control strengthened trade routes to China, India, and even Arabia

Majapahit kingdom

a southeast asian sea based kingdom based on java that controlled sea routes

Sinhala Dynasties

- Power from control over land

- In Sri Lanka

- Had roots in the arrival of early immigrants, most likely merchants, from north India.

- Big Buddhist culture\--- The island became the center of Buddhist study and devotion. It was so deeply embedded that Buddhist priests often served as advisors to the monarchs.

- Downfall: Attacks by invaders from India and conflicts between the monarchy and the priests

Khumer Empire

(angkor kingdom) good with irrigation and prosperous, changed from hindu to buddhist, sort of combining the religions, overthrown by the sukhothai kingdom

Mekong River

This river begins in southwest China and flows south all the way through Vietnam, helped the khumer empire with irrigation

Angkor Thom

Capital of the Angkor kingdom (Khumer empire)

Sufis

islamic missionaries that worked in southeast asia. they were tolerant of local religions to make conversion easier by combining them together

sukhothai kingdom

Kingdom, from Thailand, who forced the Khmer's out in 1431

Missippian Culture

the first large scale civilization that started in the mississippi river valley and were famous for their cahokia (great earthen mounds)

Matrilineal

of or based on kinship with the mother or the female line (aspect of the mississippian culture)

cahokia

the capital of the mississippians

chaco & mesa verde

a culture that grew after the mississippians declined, figured out how to transport water (innovative) and had stone/clay and sandstone brick houses respectively

maya city state

the mayan culture was grouped into city-states ruled by a king who fought each other over tribute

human sacrifice

captives that were killed for religious purposes, often by the maya when fighting between city states

The Aztecs

(mexicas) huter gatherers in north and central mexico, its capital was tenochtitlan (current mexico city, was very safe and irrigated) declined due to difficulty to rule

Chinampus

floating farming islands made by the Aztecs

theocracy

aztec form of government, they were grouped into provinces and overall rulers collected tributes

pochteca

a luxury good trader from the aztec empire

The Inca

Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco.

Pachacuti

grandson was huayana cupac who launched military campaigns for the incan empire

Huayana Cupac

ruler of the incan empire, wanted consolidation and management of the conquered lands

Mit'a System

economic system in Incan society where people paid taxes with their labor and what they produced

Temple of the Sun

Inca religious center located at Cuzco; center of state religion; held mummies of past Incas

animism

physical elements of the world have supernatural powers, these items/things are called huaca

quipu

incan numeric system of knotted strings to form messages and hold numerical info

carpa nan

during Incan rule, this is a massive roadway system made possible by captive labor, stretched 25,00 miles

Francisco Pizarro

conquistador who arrived during the incan civil war, his troops spread disease, the incas were weakened, and they were defeated

olmec

Mesoamerican civilization in lower Mexico around 1500 BCE to about 400 BCE focused. Most remembered for their large stone heads.

Ibn Battuta

Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan.

Bantu Speakers

the speakers of a related group of languages who, beginning about 2,000 years ago, migrated from West Africa into most of the southern half of Africa. developed sub-saharan africa

kin-based networks

families governed themselves, the male lead was called the chief

Hausa Kingdoms

based in nigeria, they were connected through kinship and had no central authority, just city states that specialized in certain goods

Trans-Saharan trade

route across the sahara desert. Major trade route that traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels played a huge role in the trading. Helped create benefits for states without ocean access