Chapter 13: Obesity, Energy Balance, and Weight Management (Smartbook)

A condition characterized by excessive and unhealthy amounts of body fat is called ______.

obesity

Identify the health problems associated with excess weight. (Select all that apply)

Allergies

CVD

Hypertension

Type 2 Diabetes

CVD

Hypertension

Type 2 Diabetes

Treating obesity and associated health conditions is costly.

True

False

True

The negative aspects of using BMI to assess healthy weight include that: (Select all that apply)

it is not accurate for highly muscular individuals.

it is complicated to measure, calculate, and evaluate.

it does not discriminate between muscle mass and fat mass.

it is not accurate for highly muscular individuals.

it does not discriminate between muscle mass and fat mass.

Which of the following is a limitation of the BMI calculation?

It would not be accurate for very tall or shorter people.

It is calculated differently for men than women.

It would not be accurate for a very muscular person.

It would not be accurate for a very muscular person.

If fat is deposited in the ______ area, it poses a greater risk for chronic disease.

abdominal

buttocks

upper thigh

chest and arms

abdominal

Which of the following health problems is associated with excess weight?

Allergies

Colds and flu

Peptic ulcers

Type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes

Match each of the following methods of determining body fat with its associated word or phrase.

(Low energy electrical current, Skin fold thickness measurement, Water displacement method, Air displacement method)

Underwater weighing <--> ______

Bod Pod <--> ______

Caliper <--> ______

Bioelectric Impedance <--> ______

Underwater weighing <--> Water displacement method

Bod Pod <--> Air displacement method

Caliper <--> Skin fold thickness measurement

Bioelectric Impedance <--> Low energy electrical current

Cost for obesity-related ______ from work and school are estimated to range from $3 billion to $6 billion annually.

absenteeism

The positive aspects of using BMI to assess healthy weight include which of the following? (Select all that apply)

It is easy and convenient to use.

It is a quick screening test for overweight or obesity.

Values apply to both men and women.

It differentiates between lean tissue and fat tissue.

It is easy and convenient to use.

It is a quick screening test for overweight or obesity.

Values apply to both men and women.

Bioelectrical impedance devices are: (Select all that apply)

unsafe for consumer use.

fairly accurate if individual is well hydrated.

used to measure body fat.

fairly accurate if individual is well hydrated.

used to measure body fat.

Muscle is denser than fat; therefore, many muscular people may have ______ BMIs and yet have healthy percentages of body fat.

lower

higher

higher

Visceral fat skinfold measures are taken at several sites on the body using skinfold calipers. These measures are then placed in a mathematical equation that will estimate body fat content.

True

False

False

______ is considered having extra weight from bone, muscle, body fat and/or body water; whereas, ______ is a condition characterized by excessive and unhealthy amounts of body fat.

Overweight; obesity

Obesity; overweight

Underweight; overweight

Overweight; underweight

Overweight; obesity

Central-body obesity is associated with: (Select all that apply)

men who have an "apple" body shape.

extra fat in the buttocks and thighs.

increased risk for serious, chronic diseases.

a "pear shape" body.

men who have an "apple" body shape.

increased risk for serious, chronic diseases.

What is the most advanced but expensive method to determine body fat?

Near infrared impedance

Skinfold thickness measurement

Bioelectric impedance

Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)

Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)

A person with a BMI greater than 25 and a ______ circumference greater that 40 inches for a man and 35 inches for a women are at increased risks for type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and CVD.

hip

waist

wrist

chest

waist

It is not possible to ______-______ by heavily exercising one body part, such as the stomach, in an attempt to remove fat from the abdominal area.

spot-reduce

Bioelectrical impedance is used to estimate ______.

body fat content

total body weight

body mass

body fat content

Which of the following are the top three contributors to the calories expended by the body each day? (Select all that apply)

Physical activity

Thermic effect of food

Basal metabolism

Mental processes

Physical activity

Thermic effect of food

Basal metabolism

Skinfold calipers are used to: (Select all that apply)

measure the fat layer directly under the skin.

estimate body fat content.

estimate the volume of fat deposits in the body.

measure the fat layer at multiple sites on the body.

measure the fat layer directly under the skin.

estimate body fat content.

measure the fat layer at multiple sites on the body.

A person's _____ is about 10% higher than his or her ______.

RMR (resting metabolic rate), BMR (basal metabolic rate)

A person with central-body obesity has a body that is ______ shaped and a person with lower-body fat distribution has a body that is ______ shaped.

round; heart

apple; pear

diamond; apple

pear; apple

apple; pear

A waist circumference that is greater than ______ inches for men, and ______ inches for women is associated with increased risks of developing many chronic diseases.

40; 35

35; 40

25; 35

35; 25

40; 35

Choose the statement that is most true about spot-reducing.

The best way to spot-reduce fat in the abdominal area is to perform abdominal exercises.

Regularly exercising a specific body part can lead to fat loss near the exercised muscle.

It is not possible to spot-reduce by intensely exercising a targeted body region.

It is not possible to spot-reduce by intensely exercising a targeted body region.

The major components of total energy expenditure are basal ______, ______ activity, and the ______ effect of food.

metabolism, physical, thermic

Match the level of thyroid functioning with its correct description.

(Leads to lower-than-normal metabolic rate which can result in obesity, Leads to a higher-than-normal metabolic rate which can result in excessive weight loss)

Hyperthyroidism <--> ______

Hypothyroidism <--> ______

Hyperthyroidism <--> Leads to a higher-than-normal metabolic rate which can result in excessive weight loss.

Hypothyroidism <--> Leads to lower-than-normal metabolic rate which can result in obesity.

Match the term related to metabolic rate with its correct definition.

(Minimal number of calories the body uses to support vital activities, Body's rate of energy after resting and eating)

Basal metabolic rate <--> ______

Resting metabolic rate <--> ______

Basal metabolic rate <--> Minimal number of calories the body uses to support vital activities

Resting metabolic rate <--> Body's rate of energy after resting and eating

All of the following will increase an individual's BMR except ______.

larger surface area (e.g., tall height)

stress

starvation

high fever

starvation

The energy expended for physical activity depends on the: (Select all that apply)

weight of the person.

type of activity.

number of calories consumed.

intensity and duration of the exercise.

weight of the person.

type of activity.

intensity and duration of the exercise.

The energy expended during spontaneous physical activity that is not active muscular contraction characteristic of exercise is called nonexercise ______ ______.

activity thermogenesis

The thyroid hormone regulates

metabolism.

digestion.

water balance.

metabolism.

The energy required for the thermic effect of foods is due to the ______ of nutrients. (Select all that apply)

temperature

processing

digestion

absorption

processing

digestion

absorption

Factors that increase a person's basal metabolic rate include: (Select all that apply)

caffeine.

tall stature.

very-low calorie intake.

periods of growth.

caffeine.

tall stature.

periods of growth.

To increase the number of calories used for physical activity, one could: (Select all that apply)

train longer.

run faster.

eat more carbohydrates.

lift heavier weights.

train longer.

run faster.

lift heavier weights.

Nonexercise activity thermogenesis encompasses ______. (Select all that apply)

shivering and fidgeting

regulating body weight and metabolism

regulating basal metabolism

involuntary skeletal muscle activities

regulating resting metabolism

shivering and fidgeting

involuntary skeletal muscle activities

The energy used for digestion, absorption, and processing nutrients within the cells of the body is called the ______ ______ of food (TEF).

thermic effect

The following factor(s) can affect total energy expenditure ______. (Select all that apply)

level of dietary fat

weight

age

height

weight

age

height

Methods of measuring energy expenditure that are generally complex and require sophisticated laboratory tools are referred to as ______ methods.

direct

When compared to direct methods of measuring energy expenditure, indirect methods: (Select all that apply)

must be completed in the laboratory.

involve minimal equipment.

are generally complex in nature.

are relatively inexpensive.

involve minimal equipment.

are relatively inexpensive.

Which of the following best describes the energy balance equation?

Energy input < Energy output

Energy input = Energy output

Energy input > Energy output

Energy input = Energy output

Choose the factors that will increase a person's basal metabolic rate. (Select all that apply)

Postexercise recovery

Stress

Short stature

Lactation

Postexercise recovery

Stress

Lactation

When energy intake is lower than energy output, ______ energy balance occurs. In the opposite situation, ______ energy balance occurs when energy intake is higher than energy output.

negative, positive

When calculating your total energy expenditure, you will need to incorporate your ______. (Select all that apply)

height

calories consumed

age

weight

height

age

weight

Pregnancy would be a time when a person should be sure to maintain a negative energy balance.

True

False

False

When calorie intake matches calorie expenditure, energy ______ occurs.

balance

Positive energy balance is healthy and necessary during ______. (Select all that apply)

childhood

infancy

pregnancy

adulthood

childhood

infancy

pregnancy

What mechanisms make energy balance complex? (Select all that apply)

Metabolic rates differ

Calorie deficits always result in a specific amount of fat loss

Adaptive thermogenesis and NEAT vary from person to person

Hormone levels influence weight loss

Metabolic rates differ

Adaptive thermogenesis and NEAT vary from person to person

Hormone levels influence weight loss

More than 50% of the variation in BMI seen in different populations can be explained by genetic differences that increase risk for developing obesity.

True

False

False

______ energy balance typically occurs during periods of growth; whereas ______ energy balance occurs during weight loss.

Positive; negative

Negative; positive

Positive; negative

Which hormone promotes glucose and fatty acid uptake, inhibits lipolysis in adipose cells, and promotes the production of new adipose cells?

Insulin

Glucagon

Estrogen

Epinephrine

Insulin

Choose the accurate statements that explain why energy balance is a complex process. (Select all that apply)

Weight gain varies even with the same amount of overfeeding

Weight loss produces differing fat and lean mass losses

Calorie deficits will produce specific weight losses

Metabolic rates are the same for most people

Weight gain varies even with the same amount of overfeeding

Weight loss produces differing fat and lean mass losses

Match the term related to eating behavior with its correct definition.

(Physiological sensation of discomfort or weakness that drives a person to consume food, Desire to eat appealing food, Feeling of fullness after consuming food)

Satiety <--> ______

Appetite <--> ______

Hunger <--> ______

Satiety <--> Feeling of fullness after consuming food)

Appetite <--> Desire to eat appealing food

Hunger <--> Physiological sensation of discomfort or weakness that drives a person to consume food

What are two physical sensations that occur to help regulate eating behavior? (Select all that apply)

Differences in food composition

Hunger pangs

Stomach expansion

Secretion of hormones that suppress appetite

Hunger pangs

Stomach expansion

Genetic factors that can play a role in the development of obesity include genes that affect: (Select all that apply)

metabolic rate.

activity level.

body frame.

hormone production.

metabolic rate.

body frame.

hormone production.

Choose roles of insulin in energy balance. (Select all that apply)

Inhibits lipolysis in fat cells

Inhibits adipogenesis (production of new fat cells)

Promotes triglyceride synthesis in the liver

Promotes glucose and fatty acid uptake

Inhibits lipolysis in fat cells

Promotes triglyceride synthesis in the liver

Promotes glucose and fatty acid uptake

Choose the hormone that is secreted mainly by the stomach and stimulates eating.

Amylin

Ghrelin

Peptide YY

Leptin

Ghrelin

The sense that enough food or beverages have been consumed to satisfy hunger is called ______.

satiety

Hunger pangs and the stomach stretching to capacity are both physical sensations that ______.

regulate eating behavior

alert a person to satiety

tell a person they are hungry

regulate eating behavior

Which protein hormone is released by the intestines that signals the stomach to reduce ghrelin secretion?

cholecystokinin

amylin

glucagon

peptide YY

peptide YY

The hormone that is secreted mainly by the stomach and stimulates eating behavior and promotes energy storage is called ______.

ghrelin

The pancreatic hormones that regulate blood glucose and influence appetite include: (Select all that apply)

insulin.

amylin.

glucagon.

leptin.

insulin.

amylin.

glucagon.

Choose the hormones that are secreted by the intestines. More than one answer may be correct. (Select all that apply)

ghrelin

cholecystokinin (CCK)

peptide YY

adiponectin

cholecystokinin (CCK)

peptide YY

An adipokine that reduces hunger and increases energy expenditure in the body is called ______.

leptin

Which of the following hormones inhibit hunger? (Select all that apply)

Ghrelin

Leptin

Cholecystokinin

Peptide YY

Leptin

Cholecystokinin

Peptide YY

An environment that promotes excessive weight gain is called a(n) ______ environment.

obesogenic

What are functions of insulin, glucagon, and amylin? (Select all that apply)

Speed up metabolism

Regulate blood sugar

Break down protein

Influence appetite

Regulate blood sugar

Influence appetite

A person's blood leptin level is directly proportional to his or her amount of ______.

glucose in the muscle

body fat

protein intake

muscle mass

body fat

Match the hormone with its correct description.

(Hormone released by stomach that stimulates eating, Hormone released by the adipose tissue to inhibit hunger)

Leptin <--> ______

Ghrelin <--> ______

Leptin <--> Hormone released by the adipose tissue to inhibit hunger

Ghrelin <--> Hormone released by stomach that stimulates eating

Choose characteristics of an obesogenic environment. (Select all that apply)

Consumption of highly processed foods and foods that have low nutrient density

Engaging in high levels of physical activity

Easy access to high-calorie foods

Stressful social pressures

Consumption of highly processed foods and foods that have low nutrient density

Easy access to high-calorie foods

Stressful social pressures

Calorie restriction tends to: (Select all that apply)

increase hunger.

lower heart rate.

increase fat intake.

reduce metabolic rate.

increase hunger.

reduce metabolic rate.

In its Physical Activity Gudielines for Americans, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services recommends at least 75 minutes of ______-intensity physical activity per week to promote weight maintenance.

vigorous/high

People tend to overeat when they are: (Select all that apply)

Getting enough sleep

bored.

angry.

depressed.

anxious.

bored.

angry.

depressed.

anxious.

Reducing the amount of ______ foods in the diet is a successful strategy for improving body composition.

whole, unprocessed

low-fat

plant-based

ultra-processed

ultra-processed

On calorie restricted diets, a person can experience increased hunger and a reduced metabolic rate. This may explain why people who consume more calories have ______ those who consume fewer calories.

higher BMIs than

lower BMIs than

BMIs equal to

lower BMIs than

To prevent weight gain, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services recommends at least 150 minutes of ______ physical activity per week.

vigorous-intensity

moderate-intensity

low-intensity

moderate-intensity

Choose factors that increase body fat accumulation. (Select all that apply)

Sleep deprivation

Hormonal imbalance

High stress

Diet based on whole unprocessed foods

Sleep deprivation

Hormonal imbalance

High stress

Choose the true statements that explain the relationship between obesity and psychological factors. (Select all that apply)

Mood and self-esteem can influence eating behaviors.

Men are most likely to have psychological stress that increases obesity.

People eat when they are bored, anxious, angry, or depressed.

Psychological stress increases cortisol.

Mood and self-esteem can influence eating behaviors.

People eat when they are bored, anxious, angry, or depressed.

Psychological stress increases cortisol.

Which of the following are successful strategies for improving body composition? (Select all that apply)

reducing sleep time

addressing issues with emotional eating

avoiding sunlight between 10 am and 2 pm

practicing mindful eating

finding an enjoyable exercise routine

fasting from food every other day

addressing issues with emotional eating

practicing mindful eating

finding an enjoyable exercise routine

Consuming a high-protein diet ______ energy expenditure.

increases

does not change

decreases

increases

Choose factors that decrease body fat accumulation. (Select all that apply)

Lack of sunlight

Healthy sleep

Physical activity

Mindful eating practices

Healthy sleep

Physical activity

Mindful eating practices

The practice of living and responding to the present moment with an attitude of observance and nonjudgment is called ______.

mindfulness

Increasing your physical activity will ______ how many calories you burn.

decrease

increase

have no effect on

increase

Which of the following is an example of a sound weight-loss program?

Moderate restriction of food intake combined with daily exercise and mindful eating techniques to control overeating

A diet plan that recommends fasting every other day

Two-week detox diet that recommends restricting food intake to three fruit-based shakes per day

An exercise program that includes high-intensity workouts for 60 minutes per day without changing food intake

Moderate restriction of food intake combined with daily exercise and mindful eating techniques to control overeating

Effective weight management tips regarding eating behavior include ______. (Select all that apply)

consume high-fat snacks before a party as preparation

cook foods at home rather than ordering take out or eating fast food

skipping meals

slowing down the pace of a meal

cook foods at home rather than ordering take out or eating fast food

slowing down the pace of a meal

Consuming a low amount of protein in the diet contributes to _____ in energy intake.

decreases

increases

increases

Choose the true statements about mindfulness. (Select all that apply)

Focuses on the past and future events

Has been shown to be moderately effective for weight loss

May reduce emotional eating

Involves formal meditation practice and informal daily mindfulness practices

Has been shown to be moderately effective for weight loss

May reduce emotional eating

Involves formal meditation practice and informal daily mindfulness practices

Bariatric medicine focuses on ______.

physical activity recommendations for obese individuals

the surgical treatment of obesity

nutritional guidance for overweight individuals

developing prescription medicines for weight loss

the surgical treatment of obesity

Combining ______ calorie intake with ______ physical activity is key for weight loss and weight maintenance.

increased; increased

decreased; increased

increased; decreased

decreased; decreased

decreased; increased

Key features of safe and reliable weight-loss plans include: (Select all that apply)

use of weight-loss supplements that increase basal metabolic rate.

increasing physical activity.

controlling calorie intake.

short-term change of eating and exercise patterns.

increasing physical activity.

controlling calorie intake.

As a weight management tip, consider keeping ______, low-calorie snacks on hand.

energy-dense

nutrient-dense

nutrient-dense

The medical specialty that focuses on the treatment of obesity is ______ medicine.

bariatric

Central adiposity is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes

True

False

True

What effect does hypothryroidism have on basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

It causes BMR to increase

It causes BMR to decrease

It causes nonexercise energy thermogenesis to decrease

It causes adaptive thermogenesis to decrease

It causes BMR to decrease

Approximately how many kcalories are stored in one pound of body fat?

3000

3500

4000

4500

3500

Which of the following lifestyle factors would most likely contribute to desirable weight loss/weight maintenance? (Select all that apply)

Eating while on electronics or watching TV

Cooking meals at home

Getting 7-9 hours of sleep each night

Spending time outdoors in sunlight

Cooking meals at home

Getting 7-9 hours of sleep each night

Spending time outdoors in sunlight

What are the three main components of total energy expenditure?

Mental activity, basal metabolism, and thermic effect of food

Basal metabolism, physical activity, and thermic effect of food

Environmental temperature, nonexercise activity thermogenesis, and thyroid activity

Physical activity, nonexercise activity thermogenesis, and thyroid activity

Basal metabolism, physical activity, and thermic effect of food