Unit 1: Ch 1 Intro to Human anatomy and physiology

Basics of Human anatomy and physiology

anatomy

Branch of science dealing with the form and organization of body parts.

physiology

The study of body functions.

atom

Smallest particle of an element that has the properties of that element.

subatomic particles

Parts of an atom, including protons, electrons, and neutrons.

molecule

Particle composed of two or more joined atoms.

macromolecule

Very large molecule, such as a protein, starch, or nucleic acid.

cell

The structural and functional unit of an organism.

organelle

Any of the structures in cells that has a specialized function.

tissue

Assembled group of similar cells that performs a specialized function.

organ

Structure consisting of two or more tissues with a specialized function.

organ system

Group of organs coordinated to carry on a specialized function.

organism

An individual living thing.

internal environment

Conditions inside the body, surrounding the cells.

cell membrane

The selectively permeable outer boundary of a cell consisting of a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins.

pressure gradient

Difference in the pressure of a liquid or gas from one area to another; as between the plasma and extracellular fluid (blood flow) or between air in the lungs and atmosphere (breathing).

concentration gradient

Difference in the concentration of a chemical from one area to another; as on the opposite sides of a cell membrane.

permeant

Substance Possessing the ability to cross a cell membrane.

permeable

Allows permeant substance passage across a cell membrane.

cellular differentiation

The process of embryonic cells becoming fated for their various functions.

membrane receptors

Proteins found on a cell membrane that can bind to chemicals such as neurotransmitters and hormones.

Nearly all body structures and functions work in ways to maintain life. Which organ system is the exception to this.

Reproductive system

Metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions in a living system. EX: (Respiration, Digestion, circulation, excretion).

The most abundant chemical in all living systems.

H2O

intracellular fluid

Fluid inside the cells.

interstitial fluid

Fluid between cells and outside of blood vessels; tissue fluid.

extracellular fluid

Body fluids outside cells.

atmospheric pressure

Pressure exerted by the weight of the air, about 760 mmHg at sea level

hydrostatic pressure

Pressure exerted by fluids, such as blood pressure.

homeostasis

Dynamic state in which the body’s internal environment is maintained within the normal range.

homeostatic mechanisms

Any of the control systems that help maintain a normal internal environment in the body.

set point

Target value of a physiological measure maintained automatically by the body. EX:

(body temp 98.6 ^oF)

receptor

Specialized cell or structure that provides information about the environment; also, cell surface molecule that binds other molecules, called ligands, thereby conveying a signal to inside the cell.

control center

compares information from the receptors to the set point. Then telling effectors what to do to return to the set point.

effector

A muscle or gland

feedback loop

An underlying component of the physiological control systems that maintain homeostasis.

negative feedback

A mechanism that restores the level of a biochemical or other condition in the internal environment. Since the deviation from the set point is corrected it is negative (opposite).

positive feedback

Process by which changes cause additional similar changes, producing unstable conditions. Since the deviation from the set point is amplified it is Positive (similar). EX: blood clotting to stop wounds.

normal range

Range of values for a particular measurement obtained from a sample of healthy population.

Viscera

Organs in a body cavity.

axial portion

pertaining to the head, neck, and trunk.

appendicular portion

Upper and lower limbs.

cranial cavity

Space in the cranium containing the brain.

vertebral canal

Canal formed by hollow areas in the vertebrae that contains the spinal cord.

Thoracic cavity

Space containing the organs in the upper trunk.

abdominopelvic cavity

Space between the diaphragm and the pelvic outlet that contains the abdominal and pelvic viscera.

diaphragm

A sheetlike structure largely composed of skeletal muscle and connective tissue that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities

mediastinum

The region in the thoracic cavity between the lungs.

abdominal cavity

Space between the diaphragm and the pelvic inlet that contains the abdominal viscera.

pelvic cavity

Hollow place within the ring formed by the sacrum and hip bones.

• oral cavity

• nasal cavity

• orbital cavity

• tympanic cavity

• Contains the teeth.

• Connects with several air-filled sinuses.

• Contains the eyes and associated muscles/nerves.

• Contains the middle ear bones.

serous membrane

Membrane that lines a cavity without an opening to the outside of the body and covers the organs in these cavities.

serous membrane: Parietal layer

Outer layer that lines the wall of the cavity.

serous membrane: visceral layer

Inner layer that covers the organs within the cavity.

pleural membrane

Serous membrane that encloses the lungs and lines the chest wall.

pericardial membrane

Connective tissue surrounding the heart comprised of two layers.

peritoneal membranes

connective tissue lining the abdominal cavity comprised of two layers.

integumentary system

Pertaining to the skin and its accessory organs. EX: hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands.

skeletal system

Organ system consisting of the bones, and the ligaments and cartilages that hold them together.

muscular system

Organ system consisting of the skeletal muscles and associated connective tissue.

nervous system

Organ system consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

endocrine system

Organ system that includes all the glands that secrete hormones into the blood.

cardiovascular system

Organ system consisting of the heart and blood vessels.

Lymphatic system

The organs and tissues associated with immunity and fluid balance.,

digestive system

Organ system that includes the mouth, tongue, pharynx, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small intestine, and large intestine.

respiratory system

organ system consisting of the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. It obtains oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.

urinary system

Body system that consists of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra; filters substances from the blood; forms, stores, and excretes urine.

reproductive system

Body systems that most commonly consist of male reproductive organs or female productive organs for the primary purpose of producing offspring. The female system consists of the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, and vulva. The male system consists of the scrotum, testes, epididymes, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, penis, and urethra.

superior

Above another part

inferior

Below another part.

anterior

Toward the front.

posterior

Toward the back.

medial

Closer to midline than another part.

lateral

Towards the side, away from midline.

bilateral

Paired structures on each side of the midline EX: lungs.

ipsilateral

Structures on the same side of the midline. EX: R lung/R kidney.

contralateral

Structures on the opposite side.

proximal

A part closer to the point of attachment to the trunk than another EX: Elbow is proximal to the wrist.

distal

opposite of proximal EX: Wrist is distal to the elbow.

superficial

toward the surface.

deep

more internal parts

sagittal plane

Lengthwise cut that divides the body into left and right portions.

transverse plane

horizontal cute that divides the body into superior and inferior portions.

frontal plane

refers to a section that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.

cross section

A cut across a cylindrical structure.

oblique section

An angular cut of a cylindrical structure.

longitudinal section

a lengthwise cut of a cylindrical structure.

name each region

name the four quadrants

abdominal

Region between the thorax and pelvis.

acromial

Point of the shoulder

antebrachial

forearm

antecubital

anterior surface of the elbow

axillary

armpit

brachial

arm

buccal

cheek

carpal

wrist

celiac

abdomen

cephalic

head

cervical

neck

costal

ribs