Methods and Experimental Design

Scientific Method

the process of performing science, including careful observation, logical thinking, and proper analysis of observations and conclusions

Inductive Method

process of making numerous observations until one becomes confident in drawing generalizations and predictions

Proof in Science

reliable observations that are repeatedly confirmed and not falsified by any credible observation

Hypothetico-deductive Method

a scientific inquiry process where a hypothesis is proposed with what is already known and are testable

Hypothesis

an educated speculation or possible answer to the question

Falsifiability

if we claim something is scientifically true, we must be able to specify what evidence it would take to prove it wrong

Sample size

number of subjects in a study

Controls or control group

treatment group that doesn’t receive treatment

Psychosomatic effects

effects of subject’s state of mind his or her physiology; tested by giving placebo to control group

Placebo

inactive treatment or medication given to control group

Double-blind method

neither the subject nor experimenter know if the subject is part of control or treatment group

Statistical testing

use of statistical tests to provide statement of probability that treatment was effective

Peer review

critical evaluation by other experts in the field before funding or publication, by using verification and repeatability of results, which ensures honesty, objectivity, and quality in science

Scientific fact

information that can be independently verified

Law of Nature

generalization about the behavior of matter and energy resulting from inductive reasoning and repeated observations; verbal statement or mathematical formula

Theory

an explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypotheses; summarizes what we know and suggests directions for further study