WHAP Timeline Flashcards

750-1258

• Abbasid Caliphate

• Developments in Dar al-Islam

• Islamic Empire with capital in Baghdad (modern day Iraq)

• built around trade → used receipt and bill system

• Abbasid Caliphate's decline led to rise of Turkic Muslim empires like the Seljuk Empire

960-1279

• Song Dynasty

  • Neo-Confucianism → emphasis on hierarchy & filial piety

  • women faced legal rights restrictions and social limitations, like foot binding.

  • Filial Piety (commonly tested) → practice of honoring one’s ancestors and parents, placed lowest importance to daughter in law

  • expansion of the imperial bureaucracy through merit-based bureaucratic jobs to maintain loyalty

  • economic Development through Champa rice, Grand Canal expansion & trade across Eurasia

1095-1291

• Crusades

  • military campaigns by European Christians to convert Muslims and non-Christians

1206-1526

• Delhi Sultanate

  • led to the spread of Islam in Southeast Asia

  • Rajput Kingdom resisted Muslim intrusion, maintaining Hindu influence

1206-1227

• Reign of Genghis Khan

  • Genghis Khan establishes Mongol Empire in 1206 (reign : 1206 - 1227)

    • unified the tribes in Mongolia to expand their authority over other societies

  • impact of Mongols :

    • Great diffusers of culture

    • Prevented Russia from culturally developing

    • World trade, cultural diffusion, global awareness grew as they spread through Europe, the als East, and Asia

  • ruthless fighters, organized and mobile

  • Importance of Trade in the Mongol Empire

    • Silk Roads

      • establish by Han dynasty, also very influential to Mongol Empire

1258

• Mongols overtook and destroyed Baghdad (end of the Abbasid Caliphate)

1279-1368

• Yuan Dynasty

  • the first foreign-ruled dynasty to commandeer all of China, led by Mongols

1299-1923

• Ottoman Empire

  • founded by Osman Bey as the Mongol Empire fell & expanded rapidly

  • Islamic, soldified rule over territory from Greece → Persia

  • adoption of gunpowder weapons crucial for expansion

  • devshirme → enslaved Christians from Balkans, converted them to Islam to form elite fighting force (Janissaries)

1325-1354

• Ibn Battuta's travels

  • travelled all over Dar al Aslam - > possible with trade routes

  • helped his readers understand the cultures across world

1346 - 1388

• Black Death aka Bubonic Plague

  • Emerged in North China → spread rapidly across the Silk Roads and the Indian Ocean Trade routes

    • Indian Ocean Trade

  • Middle East → Killed nearly 1/3 of their population

  • Europe → killed ½ of their population

  • very commonly shows up on the exam

1368-1644

• Ming Dynasty

  • Came with the decline of Mongol rule in China

  • Established peace and order + expanded their borders with gunpowder

1405-1433

• Zheng He's voyages

  • Sent by the Ming Dynasty to go explore the Indian Ocean & enroll other states in China’s tributary system

1428-1521

• Aztec Empire - “Trade and Sacrifice”

  • Tenochtitlan: capital city (modern Mexico City)

    • Expansionist policy and professional, strict army

    • To secure their legitimacy as rulers → Mexica claimed heritage from older, more renowned Mesoamerican people

1438-1533

• Inca Empire - “My land is your land”

  • Expansionist - army, established bureaucracy, unified language, system of roads and tunnels

  • Established Mit’a System → required labor of everyone for a period of time each year to work on state projects

  • Inca roads (commonly tested)

1400s

• Caravel invented in Europe

1441

• Start of Atlantic slave trade

  • transporting between 10 and 12 million enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean

  • conditions were brutal, overcrowded, unsanitary

1453

• Ottoman Empires conquers Constantinople

1469

• Birth of Sikhism

  • held onto significant doctrines from Islam & Hinduism

1492

• Columbus voyages to the "New World"

  • marks start of Spanish colonization and the Columbian Exchange

1497

• Portugal starts colonization of the Americas

  • 1498 → Vasco da Gama reaches India

1501-1722

• Safavid Empire emerges as the largest Shia empire

  • in conflict with the Sunni Ottoman Empire

1517

• Protestant Reformation starts

  • 95 Theses, MLK (shows up commonly)

1526-1748

• Mughal Empire rises

  • Notable rules : Akbar and Aurangzeb

    • Akbar → religious tolerance and supports the arts (1556-1605)

    • Aurangzeb → persecution of Hindus and Sikhs

    • ended when last ruler Bahadur Shah II was sent into exile

  • Increasing Bhakti Movement & Sufism → commonly tested

1552

• Russian Empire emerge

  • Ivan the Terrible

1600

• British East India Company established

1600-1868

• Tokugawa Japan

  • strict government that instituted a rigid social class model

  • national seclusion policy

1602

• Dutch East India Company established

1607

• Jamestown

  • British Virginia company → role in funding exploration projects

1688-1911

• Qing Dynasty governs China → shows up commonly!

  • Manchu Empire → commonly tested

  • expulsion, division between Manchu & Han, isolationism

1715-1789

• The Enlightenment flourishes

  • effects : major revolutions, expansion of suffrage, abolition of slavery, end of serfdom, calls for women’s suffrage

    • enlightenment is tested often

      • Montesquieu

  • this ends up being the reason for many changes in period 3

1760-1789

• First Industrial Revolution → really good notes (read them!!)

  • main engine → the Steam Engine (effects of steam engine)

  • understand WHY Britain came first, new advancements

  • important people to know : Charles Darwin, Adam Smith, Karl Marx

  • factory act of 1883

1765-1783

• American Revolution → notes

  • provided a template for other nations

  • tested often!! → role of enlightenment in American revolution

1789-1795

• French Revolution

  • causes : Social Inequality between the estates, economic hardships, enlightenment, weak leadership, food shortages

1791-1804

• Haitian Revolution

1792

• Beginning of feminism

  • Vindication of the Rights of Woman by Mary Wollstonecraft published

    • became a symbol for the feminist movements

1806-1826

• Latin American Revolutions

  • Simon Bolivar → enlightenment ideas

1839-1860

• Opium Wars

  • Treaty of Nanjing

1850-1864

• Taiping Rebellion

  • Qing dynasty began to weaken

1857

• Sepoy Mutiny in India

  • failed ; British then made all of India a crown colony

1860s-1870s

• Social Darwinism begins to take shape

1865-1909

• King Leopold rules the Congo

  • commits human rights crimes to get rubber

1868

• Meiji Restoration

  • era of Japanese westernization - Japan became a world power

  • cause → after Matthew Perry demanded Japan open to trade with the US, Japan realized its technological inferiority and adopted Western technology for self-protection.

1870-1914

• Second Industrial Revolution

1882

• Chinese Exclusion Act

1885

• Berlin Conference

  • beginning of the "scramble for Africa"

1890s

• European spheres of influence in China

  • Manchu Dynasty still had authority

1899-1901

• Boxer Rebellion

1914-1918

• World War 1

  • causes : militarism, alliances, imperialism, nationlism, assassination of Gavrilo Princip

  • “total war”, propoganda, trench warfare, Indian infantry

  • end → Paris peace conference, treaty of versailles

1917

• Russian revolution of 1917

  • Russian citizens grew tired of Tsar regime

  • Bolsheviks

1929-1933

• Great Depression

1939-1945

• World War 2

1941-1945

• The Holocaust

  • desire to create a pure race

  • numerberg law, Auschwitz

1941-1953

• Stalin in power

  • Industrialisation of UUSR → Five Year Plan

  • Nationalism and it’s role in facism

1943-1978

• Green Revolution (tested often)

  • New disease-resistant and high-yielding varieties of crops were being developed

1947

• Partition of India

  • Gandhi led peaceful protests for independence

  • Indian National Congress

1947/1948

• Beginning of Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

1948

• World Health Organization established

1947-1991

• Cold War

  • Motives

    • US (capitalism) & Soviet Union (communism) did not want each other to spread its influence beyond their borders

    • arms race & proxy wars, like in Korea and Vietnam

1948

• Israel founded

1955-1975

• Vietnam War (commonly tested)

  • Communist North Vietnam launched an invasion on South Vietnam.

  • U.S. increased millitary support in South Vietnam as they feared a communist takeover in Vietnam would cause the rest of the region would become communist too

  • Ho Chi Minh

1961

• Dwight D. Eisenhower "military-industrial complex"

  • commonly tested

1979

• Iranian Revolution

  • overthrew the shah, due to dissatisfaction with modernisation

  • emerged wafs a new government that complied with the Islamic law (shariah)

  • Human rights advancements were reversed and women went back to traditional roles - Qu’ran became basis of legal system

1990

• Beginning of War in the Gulf → notes

  • Taliban, Al Qaeda, Osama bin Laden

  • 1990: Iraq invades Kuwait under Saddam Hussein's leadership to gain control of oil reserves.

  • Early 1991: United Nations sends forces to drive Iraqis out, leading to the Persian Gulf War.

1994

• NAFTA came into effect

  • eliminated most tariffs on products traded between Canada, Mexico and the US