human physiology

What are the six levels of structural organization in the human body?

Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, System, Organismal.

What is the primary function of the muscular system?

Helps with body movements and maintains posture.

What is homeostasis?

The condition of equilibrium in the body's internal environment due to constant interaction of regulatory processes.

What are the four types of tissue?

Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous.

What is the main function of the endocrine system?

Regulates body activities by releasing hormones.

What is cell signaling

allows for cells to communicate ( responses to change and behavior)

Negative feedback

Bringing the bodies response back to normal e.g sweating

Positive feedback

Reinforce the change that is detected e.g labour

What is the primary function of the nervous system

Generates action potentials to regulate body's activities

What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system

Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells

What is the primary function of the respiratory system

Transfers carbon dioxide from blood and exhaled air

Fill in the blank: Gene expression is primarily regulated by ________ signals that affect the transcription process.

cell

Gene expression

Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize functional gene products, typically proteins.

What does the plasma membrane consist of

Lipid belayer, carbohydrates -proteins

What is the function of the plasma membrane

Barrier control, cell ID, supportive wall, message reception

What are the 3 functions of the nucleus

1. Controls cellular structure

2. Directs cellular activities

3. Produces ribosomes

Type of chemical reactions

Anabolism: atoms and ions combine to form larger molecules

Catabolism: split up large molecules into smaller atoms and ions

What is simple diffusion

Substances that move more freely in the lipid belayer

What is facilitated diffusion

Integral membrane protein assisting a specific substance

Osmosis

Water moving through selectively permeable membranes

What are 3 types of endocytosis

1. Receptor-mediates endocytosis

2. Phagocytosis

3. Bulk-phase endocystosis

What are the basic life processes (6)

Metabolism, movement, growth,responsiveness, differentiation -reproduction

What ave the major chemical elements

Oxygen , Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

What are the key differentiating features between inorganic and organic compounds

Inorganic:lack carbon and are structural simple

Organic:they always contain carbon and often have hydrogen

What are the most important inorganic compounds in all living systems

1. Solvent

2. Chemical reactions

3. Lubricant

4. Thermal properties

Key roles of organic compounds

Carbs: provide easily used source of cellular food

Lipids:provide energy,insulation and protection

Proteins: role in growth and repair,immune function

Key components of a cell

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

What are the roles of the key organelles

Ribosomes: carry mRNA instructions & build cellular material

Lysosomes:help recycle worn-out cell structures

Endoplasmic reticulum: aids in removal of substances

Cilia and glafella: moves fluid amount cell surface

What factors influence the diffusion rate of substances across plasma membranes

• steepness of the concentration gradient

• Temperature

• Surface area

• Diffusion distance

Key differences between active and passive transport

Differences: passive transport directly uses energy to power movement, active transport this indirectly uses energy

Key characteristics of each type of tissue

Epithelial tissue: cells that are arranged in continuous sheets

Connective tissue :strengths & supports,protects transport system

Muscle tissue: produces movement + maintain posture

Nervous tissue: conduct nerve pulses + protect neurons

What is DNA into DNA

Replication

Fill in the blank: The __________ system is responsible for exchanging gases between the blood and the environment.

respiratory

What is DNA into RNA

Transcription

What is DNA into protein

Translation

What is a gene

Function unit of DNA sequences that encode for specific proteins or molecules

What is an exon

They code for a specific protein

What is an intron

Non protein coding genes

What are the 3 steps consisted in transcription and translation

Initiation, elongation, termination

What is a ligand

. A single molecule eg gases, lipids

What are the types of cell signaling

1. Contact defendant

2. Autochine

3. Paracrine

4. Synaptic

5. Endocrine

What are the 3 steps of cell signaling

1. Reception: single molecule binds to receptor

2. Transduction: intracellular signaling proteins distribute the signal

3. Response: effector proteins initiate a response

What are the main classes of receptors

1 ion channel receptors

2. G-protein coupled receptors

3. Enzyme-coupled receptors

4. Intracellular receptors

What is the by product and energy source for direct phosphorylation

By product = Coupled reaction of Creatine phosphate

Energy source = Creatine phosphate

What is the by product and energy source for anaerobic pathway ?

By product = glycolysis and lactic acid information

Energy source = glucose

What is the by product and energy source for aerobic pathway ?

By product = aerobic respiration

Energy source = glucose,amino acids

What is the preferred fuel for ATP/PC

Creating phosphate

What is the preferred fuel for anaerobic glycolysis ?

Glycogen

What is the preferred fuel source for aerobic glycolysis

Fats and glucose

What is metabolism ?

The total energy of all energy transformation that occur in the body

What is beta-oxidation

The oxidizing of those fatty acids into a Aceytal- CoA ( breakdown of FFA)

What is lipolysis?

It is the breakdown os dotted from of fat and well as it triggered by an increase in circulating epinephrine