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Industry vs Inferiority
Conflict fostering competence in skills and tasks.
Self Concept Changes
Emphasizes traits and competencies in self-descriptions.
Social Comparisons
Making comparisons with peers to assess abilities.
Self Esteem Structure
Hierarchical organization of self-esteem into categories.
Types of Self Esteem
Includes academic, social, physical, and appearance esteem.
Self Esteem Feedback
Influenced by experiences and feedback from others.
Mastery-Oriented Attributions
Belief that success stems from effort and ability.
Learned Helplessness
Attributing failures to lack of ability, not effort.
Peer Group
Stable group sharing norms and goals, similar status.
Functions of Peer Group
Provides stability, belonging, and skill development opportunities.
Stages of Moral Development
Kohlberg's theory from pre-conventional to post-conventional.
Influence of Parenting
Authoritative parenting fosters higher moral reasoning.
Peer Interactions
Negotiating rules enhances moral understanding and empathy.
Cultural Context
Cultural values shape varying aspects of morality.
Friendship Changes
Friendships become selective and psychologically complex.
Characteristics of Friendship
Includes mutual loyalty, intimacy, and trust.
Sociomantic Categories
Five categories of peer acceptance based on votes.
Popular Children
Well-liked with good interpersonal skills.
Rejected Children
Actively disliked by peers, face social challenges.
Controversial Children
Mixed acceptance, disruptive yet prosocial behavior.
Neglected Children
Seldom chosen, appear shy but well-adjusted.
Average Children
About one-third with no extreme social scores.
Rejected-Aggressive Characteristics
High conflict, hostility, impulsive behavior.
Rejected-Withdrawn Characteristics
Timid, socially awkward, low self-esteem.
Negative Consequences of Rejection
Short-term poor performance, long-term delinquency risks.
Bullying Definition
Repeated negative actions directed at individuals.
Bullying Prevalence
25% bullied, 20% engage in bullying behavior.
Types of Bullying
Includes verbal, physical, psychological, and cyber bullying.
Characteristics of Bullies
Aggressive, noncompliant, low empathy capacity.
Family Factors in Aggression
Hostility, lack of warmth, and erratic discipline.
Parenting in Middle Childhood
Shifts towards co-regulation and autonomy promotion.
Impact of Divorce
Immediate anxiety, sadness; long-term academic and social issues.
Long-term Effects of Divorce
Higher risk of mental health problems and relationship difficulties.
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