Chapter 12: Development over the Life Span

Accommodation

________: is the process by which new experiences cause existing schemas to change.

Assimilation

________: is the process by which new experiences are incorporated into existing schemas.

Teratogens

________: are external agents that cause abnormal prenatal development.

Egocentrism

________: difficulty in viewing the world from someone elses perspective.

Sensorimotor Stage

________: understand their world primarily through sensory experiences and physical (motor) interactions with objects.

Adolescence

________: the period of development and gradual transition between childhood and adulthood.

Schemas

________: which are organized patterns of thought and action.

Adolescent Egocentrism

________: a self- absorbed and distorted view of ones uniqueness and importance.

Preoperational Stage

________: in which they represent the world symbolically through words and mental images but do not yet understand basic mental operations or rules.

Reflexes

________: automatic, inborn behaviors that occur in response to specific stimuli.

Sex typing

________: involves treating others differently based on whether they are female or male.

Embryo

________: develops from the end of week 2 through week 8 after conception.

Fetus

________: develops from week 9 after conception until birth.

Zone of Proximal Development

________: the difference between what a child can do independently and what the child can do with assistance from adults or more advanced peers.

Strange Situation

________: a standardized procedure for examining infant attachment.

Conservation

________: the principle that basic properties of objects, such as their volume, mass, or quantity, stay the same (are "________) "even though their outward appearance may change.

Puberty

________: a period of rapid maturation in which the person becomes capable of sexual reproduction.

Cephalocaudal principle

________: reflects the tendency for development to proceed in a head- to- foot direction.

Senile Dementia

________: refers to dementia that begins after age 65.

Sensitive Period

________: is an optimal age range for certain experiences, but if those experiences occur at another time, normal development is still possible.

Preconventional Moral Reasoning

________: is based on anticipated punishments or rewards.

Proximodistal principle

________: states that development begins along the innermost parts of the body and continues toward the outermost parts.

Neglectful Parents

________: provide neither warmth nor rules nor guidance.

Gender Constancy

________: which is the understanding that being male or female is a permanent part of a person.

Sequential Design

________: which combines the cross- sectional and longitudinal approaches.

Critical Period

________: is an age range during which certain experiences must occur for development to proceed normally or along a certain path.

Emotion regulation

________: the processes by which we evaluate and modify our emotional reactions.

Theory of Mind

________: refers to a persons beliefs about the "mind "and the ability to understand other peoples mental states.

Stranger Anxiety

________: distress over contact with unfamiliar people.

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

________ (FASD): involve a range of mild to severe cognitive, behavioral, and /or physical deficits caused by prenatal exposure to alcohol.

Authoritarian Parents

________: also exert control but do so within a cold, unresponsive, or rejecting relationship.

Indulgent Parents

________: have warm, caring relationships with their children but do not provide the guidance and discipline that help children learn responsibility and concern for others.

Postconventional Moral Reasoning

________: is based on well- thought- out, general moral principles.

Formal Operational Stage

________: in which individuals can think logically about concrete and abstract problems, form hypotheses, and systematically test them.

Nature vs. Nurture

To what extent is our development the product of heredity (nature) and the product of environment (nurture)

Sensitive Period

  is an optimal age range for certain experiences, but if those experiences occur at another time, normal development is still possible

Critical Period

  is an age range during which certain experiences must occur for development to proceed normally or along a certain path

Continuity vs. Discontinuity

Is development continuous and gradual, as when a sapling slowly grows into a tree or is it discontinuous, progressing through qualitatively distinct stages, as when a creeping caterpillar emerges from its cocoon as a soaring butterfly

Stability vs. Change

Do our characteristics remain consistent as we age

Cross-Sectional Design

we would compare people of different ages at the same point in time

Longitudinal Design

repeatedly tests the same cohort as it grows older

Sequential Design

which combines the cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches

Zygote

fertilized egg

Embryo

develops from the end of week 2 through week 8 after conception

Fetus

develops from week 9 after conception until birth

Teratogens

  are external agents that cause abnormal prenatal development

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders(FASD)

  involve a range of mild to severe cognitive, behavioral, and/or physical deficits caused by prenatal exposure to alcohol

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

involves a cluster of severe developmental abnormalities

Reflexes

automatic, inborn behaviors that occur in response to specific stimuli

Cephalocaudal principle

reflects the tendency for development to proceed in a head-to-foot direction

Proximodistal principle

states that development begins along the innermost parts of the body and continues toward the outermost parts

Schemas

which are organized patterns of thought and action

Assimilation

is the process by which new experiences are incorporated into existing schemas

Accommodation

is the process by which new experiences cause existing schemas to change

Sensorimotor Stage

  understand their world primarily through sensory experiences and physical (motor) interactions with objects

Object Permanence

the understanding that an object continues to exist even when it no longer can be seen

Preoperational Stage

in which they represent the world symbolically through words and mental images but do not yet understand basic mental operations or rules

Conservation

the principle that basic properties of objects, such as their volume, mass, or quantity, stay the same (are "conserved") even though their outward appearance may change

Egocentrism

difficulty in viewing the world from someone elses perspective

Concrete Operational Stage

  can perform basic mental operations concerning problems that involve tangible (i.e., "concrete") objects and situations

Formal Operational Stage

in which individuals can think logically about concrete and abstract problems, form hypotheses, and systematically test them

Zone of Proximal Development

the difference between what a child can do independently and what the child can do with assistance from adults or more advanced peers

Theory of Mind

refers to a persons beliefs about the "mind" and the ability to understand other peoples mental states

Emotion regulation

the processes by which we evaluate and modify our emotional reactions

Stranger Anxiety

distress over contact with unfamiliar people

Separation Anxiety

distress over being separated from a primary caregiver

Strange Situation

a standardized procedure for examining infant attachment

Authoritative Parents

are controlling but warm

Authoritarian Parents

  also exert control but do so within a cold, unresponsive, or rejecting relationship

Indulgent Parents

have warm, caring relationships with their children but do not provide the guidance and discipline that help children learn responsibility and concern for others

Neglectful Parents

  provide neither warmth nor rules nor guidance

Gender Identity

  a sense of "femaleness" or "maleness" that becomes a central aspect of ones personal identity

Gender Constancy

which is the understanding that being male or female is a permanent part of a person

Sex-typing

involves treating others differently based on whether they are female or male

Preconventional Moral Reasoning

is based on anticipated punishments or rewards

Conventional Moral Reasoning

is based on conformity to social expectations, laws, and duties

Postconventional Moral Reasoning

  is based on well-thought-out, general moral principles

Adolescence

the period of development and gradual transition between childhood and adulthood

Puberty

a period of rapid maturation in which the person becomes capable of sexual reproduction

Adolescent Egocentrism

a self-absorbed and distorted view of ones uniqueness and importance

Senile Dementia

refers to dementia that begins after age 65