Psychology 104 Chpater 5 - Conciousness

Stage 1 of Sleep

A transitional period from wakefulness to sleep that lasts only a few minutes

Light sleep (theta waves)

May experience hypnagogic imagery

Muscles are still active and might experience myoclonic jerks

Stage 2 of Sleep

Deepening of sleep associated with sleep spindles (bursts of brain activity) and K-complexes (waves that sharply rise and fall).

Brain activity and body slows down

65% of sleep occurs in this stage

Stage 3 of Sleep

Deep sleep comprised of delta waves begin to emerge.

Crucial to feel rested.

Stage 4 of Sleep

Delta waves dominate

REM Sleep (Rapid Eye Movements)

20-25% of our entire sleep state

Paradoxical sleep, waves resemble alpha waves

One does not go back to Stage 1 sleep rather, it becomes this type of sleep

Less deep sleep as the night progresses

,More time in REM as the night progresses

Freud's Dream Protection Theory

Dreams help to carry out desires we are not permitted to do in real life.

Manifest Content

Part of Freud’s dream protection theory that denotes the sensory details of a dream. Involves the latent and manifest content.

Latent Content

Part of Freud’s dream protection theory that denotes the hidden meaning of sensory details in a dream.

Activation-Synthesis Theory

Activation of the forebrain via neural messages from the pons during REM sleep.

Forebrain attempts to make coherent sense of this activity, leading to dreams

Neurocognitive Theory

Dreams are meaningful simulations of scenarios.

Social-Cognitive Theory of Hypnosis

People know how to act hypnotized and unconsciously behave as they are expected to.

Dissociation Theory of Hypnosis

Consciousness is split into two parts

Part 1 responds to the hypnotist’s suggestions

Part 2 is a hidden observer that maintains contact with reality

Stimulants

Increases activity in the central nervous system (heart rate, respiration, blood pressure).

Nicotine, cocaine, ADHD medication

Nicotine

Highly addictive stimulant that has an adjustive value (enhances positive emotional reactions and minimizes negative reactions).

Cocaine

Most powerful natural stimulant that is a strong reinforcer.

Euphoric state, enhanced mental and physical capacity, decrease in hunger

Narcotics (Opiates)

Relieve pain and induce sleep.

Heroin is the most abused drug in this category.

Psychedelics

Hallucinogens that alter perception, mood, and thought.

Marijuana is the most used drug in this category.