KAUTZMANN Unit 5 Part 1B: Cognition and Language

psych

transmits knowledge and allows for mind-to-mind communication; our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

language

animals communicate primarily through \_________ about the present

signs

human language is \_____________ (meaningful)

semantic

human language is not limited to the here and now

displacement

human language is unfixed, allowing us to add new words

productivity

smallest unit of sound (not the same as syllables)

P/S/Y/C/H/O/L/O/G/Y

phonemes

how many phonemes are in the English language?

44

smallest unit of meaningful sound, may be a word or a part of a word

morphemes

in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

grammar

set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences

ex: sally hit the car. the car hit sally. hit sally car the

syntax

miss apply rules, oversimplify don't look at exceptions

ex: "ed" = past tense, he hitted the ball with the bat

overgeneralization (overregulation)

content/meaning of language, surface structure, deep structure

ex: the ocean is unusually calm tonight. tonight the ocean is particularly calm. compared to most nights, tonight the ocean is calm

semantics

who studied the transformations between the surface and the deep structure

(Noam) Chomsky

speaking is what type of processing

top down

comprehension is what type of processing

bottom up

meaning --\> sentences --\> morphemes --\> phonemes

speech production (top down processing)

phonemes --\> morphemes --\> sentences --\> meaning

comprehension (bottom up processing)

4 months with phonemes; the stage of speech development in which an infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language

babbling

12 months, one word commands

holophrase

beginning about age 2, stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements;begin learning basic rules; commonly overgeneralize rules

two-word stage

(18 months) early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram—"go car"—using mostly nouns and verbs.

telegraphic speech

who coined the term operant conditioning

(B.F.) Skinner

who developed the language acquisition device, was in a critical period for developing language, stated that by 7, those not exposed to either a spoken or singed language lose their ability to master any language

(Noam) Chomsky

the impact of early experiences is not evident in language learning in prelingually (before learning a language) deaf children born to hearing non-signing parents (true or false)

false (it is evident)

natively deaf children who learn sign language after age nine never learn it as well as those who learned it early in life (true or false)

true

helps control language expression- an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech

Broca's area

a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe

Wernicke's area

impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding)

aphasia

who said "language itself shapes a (person's) basic ideas"

(Benjamin) Whorf

proposed our thinking is determined by our language

linguistic determinism

productivity of language; people being capable to think of things without words for them; figurative language are all limit's to what theory

Whorf's theory

the weaker form of Whorf's idea language affects thought (thus out thinking and world view is "relative to" our cultural language)

linguistic relativity (influence)

we often think in images when we use \______________ memory

nondeclarative

\_________________ is a physical experience that activates some of the same neural networks that are active during the actual experience

imagining

the study of animal learning, memory, thinking, and language; avoid when researching animals; anthropomorphism; anthropocentrism

animal cognition

the attribution of human characteristics or behavior to a god, animal, or object.

anthropomorphism

view humans as unique; A human-centered view of our relationship with the environment.; putting man at the center of one's philosophy

anthropocentrism

who talks about a sense of self and made a mirror test and animal and mirror test?

(George) Gallop

The Chimp that was taught sign language by the Gardners; ASL; telegraphic speech

Washoe

who taught a chimp sign language?

Gardner and Gardner

The gorilla could sign over 1,000 words. past and future use of language; emotions when his cat died

koko

psychologists who study this focus on the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating information

cognition

mental category for classification/schema

concepts

matching new items to this provides a quick and easy method for storing items into concepts; a mental image or best example of a category

ex: draw a bird, recall the name of a good actor

prototype

the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and valuable

powers: produces new insights and products

perils: may distract from structures, routine work

creativity

the first step to creativity and problem solving

-what to include varies

-most agree- originality/novel and appropreiateness/useful

defining it

expanding the number of possible solutions

ex: creativity tests

divergent

narrowing the available problem solutions

ex: SAT

convergent

5 components of creativity includes \____________ , \______________ thinking skills, a venturesome \__________________, \_____________ motivation, creative \_______________

expertise, imaginative, personality, intrinsic, environment

boost your creativity by developing your

expertise

to boost your creativity, allow time for \____________________- think hard, then set it aside and return later to it

incubation

to boost your creativity, set aside time for the mind to roam \__________ / brainstorm

freely

to boost your creativity, experience other cultures way of \_________________

thinking

thinking out loud, response times, eye movement, analyzing patterns (right vs wrong) and brain imaging are ways psychologists study \____________________ \___________________

problem solving

step-by-step methods, if correctly used a solution is guaranteed; methodical rule or procedure

ex: math: x-5=8; anagram

powers: guarantees solution

perils: requires time and effort

algorithms

rules of thumb to simplify a problem; a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually faster but also more error-prone than the algorithm; simple thinking shortcut

powers: lets us act quickly and efficiently

perils: puts us at risk for errors

heuristics

\________________ is seen as a possible strategy when asked to open an unused locker and you try every combination until you find the solution

algorithm

\______________ is seen as a possible strategy when asked to open an unused locker and you stop by the main office to see if the secretary has a list of combinations for each locker

heuristic

tendency to approach a problem with a mind-set of what has worked for us previously

mental sets (rigidity)

obstacles to solving problems include \______________, \__________ sets, and functional \___________________

motivation, mental, fixedness

these people think in larger units to take fewer steps in problem-solving; limited because areas of expertise don't always cross over; these people can have a lack of creativity

experts

process of arriving at a selection decision in which a very high score on one type of assessment can make up for a low score on another; rational decision making; evaluate situation systematically

compensatory model (pros and cons)

estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to match particular prototypes; can lead to stereotyping; may lead us to ignore other relevant information

representative heuristic

the tendency for one to assume specific conditions are more probable than a single general one; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common

conjunction fallacy

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory

ex: no red starbursts in two packets from the bag because the first 3 didn't have one; does the letter r appear more frequently as the first or third letter in words?

availability heuristics

tendency to be more confident than correct; causes us to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments; often leads to the planning fallacy

powers: allows us to be happy and to make decisions easily

perils: puts us at risk for errors

overconfidence

make illogical conclusions in order to confirm your belief; only accept information if it fits with one's own beliefs; won't think beyond belief and will reject any new way of thinking

belief bias

maintain belief even when presented with factual information

powers: supports our enduring beliefs

perils: closes our mind to new ideas

belief perseverance

look only for evidence that supports your belief bias; ignore all other facts/evidence