quiz 3 review

§Lymphatic system

Network of organs and vein-like vessels that recover fluid
•Inspect it for disease agents
•Activate immune responses
•Return fluid to the bloodstream

Lymphocytes

- (25% to 33%)
- increased numbers in diverse infections and immune responses
- Secrete antibodies and provide immune memory

FUNCTIONS of the respiratory system

1.Provides O2 and CO2 exchange between blood and air
2.Speech and other vocalizations
3. sense of smell
4. affects pH of body fluids by eliminating CO2
5. promote the flow of lymph and venous blood

surfaces of the lungs

costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic

positions of the lungs

in the thorax, either side of the mediastinum.

position of the kidneys

retroperitoneal

T lymphocytes (T cells)

Lymphocyte that matures in the thymus and acts directly against antigens in cell-mediated immune responses.

B lymphocytes (B cells)

Lymphocyte that matures in the bone marrow and secretes antibodies.

Immune system definition

population that inhabits all organs and defends the body from agents of disease

nervous system

the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems

what can Atelectasis result from

airway obstruction

Asthma

A chronic allergic disorder characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing.

Chronic bronchitis symptoms

§Symptoms include dyspnea (difficulty breathing), hypoxia (low O2 levels), cyanosis (poor circulation), and attacks of coughing

Chronic bronchitis

§Inflammation and hyperplasia of the bronchial tubes and an increase in bronchial mucosa

Squamous-cell carcinoma

most common form of lung cancer(Begins with transformation of bronchial epithelium into stratified squamous from ciliated pseudostratified epithelium)

Autoimmune diseases

failures of self-tolerance Immune system fails to distinguish self-antigens from foreign ones

Autoimmune diseases THEORIES

1.) Cross-reactivity
2. Abnormal exposure of self-antigens in the blood
3. Changes in structure of self-antigens

what are lymph nodes

gland-like structures found inside the lymphatic vessels

why do lymph nodes swell

the cells that circulate in the lymph are responsible for picking up cellular debris from the tissue

what does the phrenic nerve innervate

diaphragm

Five types of leukocytes

§Neutrophils
§Eosinophils
§Basophils
§Monocytes
- Lymphocytes

Eosinophils

(2-4%)- increased number in parasitic infections, Stand guard against parasites, allergens (allergy causing agents), and other pathogens

Neutrophils

(60% to 70%)
increased numbers in bacterial infections

Basophils

(<1%)
increased numbers in chickenpox, sinusitis, diabetes

Monocytes

(3%-8%)
increased numbers in viral infections and inflammation

Cross-reactivity for Autoimmune diseases is what

Some antibodies react against foreign antigens react to similar self-antigens THEY FORGET WHO IS ENEMY AND FRIEND

Abnormal exposure of self-antigens in the blood for autoimmune diseases is what

•Some of our native antigens are not exposed to blood so the body recognizes them as foreign- •Placental blood barrier

Changes in structure of self-antigens for autoimmune diseases is what

Viruses and drugs may change the structure of self-antigens

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

The most advanced, and fatal, stage of an HIV infection.

aids symptoms

§Early symptoms: flulike symptoms of chills and fever
- 200 cell count of T cells
- Person susceptible to opportunistic infections
- Candida (thrush)
- Kaposi sarcoma

question 18 is what

it is true

spirometry

the measurement of pulmonary function

Tidal volume is what

volume of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle during quiet breathing (500 mL)

Inspiratory reserve volume define

§air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort (3000 mL)

Expiratory reserve volume define

air in excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled with maximum effort (1200 mL)

Residual volume define

air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration (1300 mL)

volume of air consumed during tidal volume

500 mL

volume of air consumed during inspiratory reserve volume

3000 mL

volume of air consumed during expiratory reserve volume

1200 mL

volume intake of air consumed for residual usage

1300 mL

the diaphragm is the prime muscle for what

breathing

secondary instrument for respiration is what

the intercoastals

where is the axillary

armpit

two types of Nephrons

cortical and juxtamedullary

what are cortical nephrons

§85% of all nephrons
§Short nephron loops
§Efferent arterioles branch into peritubular capillaries around PCT and DCT

what are Juxtamedullary nephrons

§15% of all nephrons
§Very long nephron loops, maintain salinity gradient in the medulla and helps conserve water
§Efferent arterioles branch into vasa recta around long nephron loop

specialized cells in glomerulus responsible for filtering plasma

podocytes

describe GFR too high

("diarrhea of urine filtration")
§Urine output rises
§Chance of dehydration and electrolyte depletion

describe GFR too low

("constipation of urine filtration")
§Wastes reabsorbed / Urine output decreases
§Azotemia (Excessive nitrogen, urea, waste in blood) may occur

what is azotemia

it is Excessive nitrogen, urea, waste in blood. it is in low GFR

what are kidney stones called

renal calculi

3 types of UTIs

cystitis, pyelonephritis, pyelitis

Cystitis

infection of the urinary bladder

Pyelitis

infection of the renal pelvis

Pyelonephritis

infection that reaches the cortex and the nephrons

process of respiration

ventilation, external respiration, internal respiration

first three parts of the larynx

Epiglottic cartilage (1):
Thyroid cartilage (2)
Cricoid cartilage (3):

Epiglottic cartilage

spoon-shaped supportive plate in epiglottis; most superior one

Thyroid cartilage

largest, laryngeal prominence (Adam's apple); shield-shaped

Cricoid cartilage

connects larynx to trachea, ringlike

three smaller paired cartilages of the larynx

- Arytenoid cartilages (4&5)
- Corniculate cartilages (6&7)
- Cuneiform cartilages (8&9)

Arytenoid cartilages (4&5)

posterior to thyroid cartilage

Corniculate cartilages (6&7)

attached to arytenoid cartilages like a pair of little horns

Cuneiform cartilages (8&9)

: support soft tissue between arytenoids and epiglottis

what supports the trachea?

C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

how are the lobar bronchi separated?

Three right lobar (secondary) bronchi & Two left lobar (secondary) bronchi

amount of Segmental (tertiary) bronchi

•10 on right, 8 on left

Pulmonary artery branches do what

closely follow the bronchial tree on their way to the alveoli

what are Bronchioles

smaller branches of the bronchi that are 1MM OR LESS IN DIAMETER

what are terminal bronchioles

The smallest conducting bronchioles- Measure 0.5 mm or less in diameter- •Have cilia that move mucus draining into them back by mucociliary escalator- gives off two or more smaller respiratory bronchioles

what are Respiratory bronchioles

microscopic branches that penetrate deep into lungs- Considered the beginning of the respiratory division- End in alveolar sacs

pneumothorax

presence of air in pleural cavity

Atelectasis

collapse of part or all of a lung

Apnea

temporary cessation of breathing

Eupnea ("Up-nea")

relaxed, quiet breathing

Dyspnea

labored, gasping breathing; shortness of breath

Hyperpnea

increased rate and depth of breathing in response to exercise, pain, or other conditions

hyperventilation

- increased pulmonary ventilation in excess of metabolic demand

Adenocarcinoma

§lung cancer that originates in mucous glands of lamina propria

Small-cell (oat cell) carcinoma

§Least common, most dangerous (TEST Q)
§Named for clusters of cells that resemble oat grains
§Originates in primary bronchi, invades mediastinum, metastasizes quickly to other organs

what is the largest lymph organ

the spleen

QUESTION: major site of lymph nodes is not where

the breast

Alveolar gas exchange

the back-and-forth traffic of O2 and CO2 across the respiratory membrane

where does incoming air stop

alveoli

Carbon monoxide (CO) does what

competes for the O2 binding sites on the hemoglobin molecule

what is carbon monoxide poisoning

carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin blocking oxygen

Primary lymphatic organs ("brains")

§Red bone marrow and thymus

Secondary lymphatic organs ("brawn")

§Lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen

the Thymus is apart of what system(s)

member of the endocrine, lymphatic, and immune systems

Polyuria

output in excess of 2 L/day

Oliguria

output of less than 500 mL/day

Anuria

0 to 100 mL/day

normal pee amount

about 2 liters

what do monocytes turn into

macrophages

Wandering macrophages

actively seeking pathogens

Fixed macrophages

phagocytize only pathogens that come to them

macrophages are what

§Very large, avidly phagocytic cells of the connective tissue
§Develop from monocytes

Leukocytes and Macrophages

Phagocytes that play a role in both nonspecific and adaptive
(specific) immunity.

ideal body temperature

98.6