Chapter 5: Greenhouse Effect

What are the positive effects of global warming?

• increase in productivity from _____ temperature

• possibility of ____ new crops

• Accelerated ____ rate for crops

• ____ growing seasons

• Temporary benefit with ___ fertilization

• warmer

• growing

• maturity

• longer

• CO2

what are the negative effects of global warming?

• Crop damage from extreme ____

• stronger ____, ____ rain, and ___

• increase in _____ infestation and crop _____

• increase in ____, ____ stress

• Increase in ___ (bad plants)

• decrease in ____ and ____ efficiency

• heat

• storms, torrential, flooding

• insect, diseases

• droughts, warming

• weeds

• insecticide and pesticide

The ___ is the main source of energy that keeps both Earth’s surface and the atmosphere warm

sun

what is a blackbody

an object that is 100% efficient in emitting and absorbing light

____’s displacement law describes one of the relations between the emission spectrum of a ____ and it’s ___

Wein’s blackbody, temperature

The peak of a blackbody radiation curve is _____ proportional to the ____ of the radiating object

inversely, temperature

wein’s displacement law states that the ____ the temperature, the lower the ____ ( λ_max) for which the radiation curve reaches its _____.

higher, wavelength, maximum

Wein’s displacement (b) constant is?

2897 micrometers * K

λ𝑚𝑎𝑥= 𝑏 / T = ?

2897 micrometers (K)/ T(K)

Of the total incoming sunlight of all wavelengths that impinges upon the Earth, about 50% of them is absorbed at its surface by bodies of ___, __, ____, ____

water, soil, vegetation, buildings

Adding to the previous card, 20% of the incoming light is absorbed by ____ in the air (mainly in the form of clouds) and by molecular gases- the UV component by ________ and ________ and the IR by ____ __, and especially by ____.

water droplets, stratospheric ozone, diatomic oxygen, water vapor

A small amount of sunlight is absorbed by suspended particulates of ____.

black soot

much of the sunlight absorbed at the surface become converted to ____ that evaporates water from ___, ___, ___, and from ___.

heat, oceans, lakes, rivers, vegetation,

the remaining 30% of incoming sunlight is reflected back into space by ____, suspended ___, __, ____, ___, and other reflecting bodies

clouds, particle, ice, snow, sand

The fraction of sunlight reflected into space by an object is called its ____, measure in scale from _ to 1 or __ to 100%

albedo, 0, 1

snow and ice are highly reflective surface for ___ light (meaning they have ____ albedos), whereas bare soil and bodies of water are poor reflectors (___ albedos)

visible, high, low

If the Earth acted like a body, according to Wein’s equation, its wavelength of maximum emission would be about __ micrometers

10

what is the range of the thermal infrared region?

5-100 micrometers

IR light is emitted both at the Earth’s ____ and at the _____

surface, atmosphere

The ____ a body, the ___ energy it emits per second.

warmer, more

The rate of release of energy as a light by a blackbody increases in proportion to the ____ power of its Kelvin temperature. K is the _____ constant

fourth, proportionality

The phenomenon of interception of outgoing _IR _ by atmospheric constituents and its dissipation as heat to increase the temperature of the atmosphere is called the?

IR, greenhouse effect

light is most likely to be absorbed by a molecule when its frequency almost ____ matches the frequency of an ____ within the molecule

exactly, internal motion

which of the following molecules will absorb infrared light due to internal vibrational motions:

a) H2

b) CO

c) Cl2

d) O3

e) CCl4

f) NO

CO, O3, NO, CCl4

The _____ energy of a molecule can be either slightly ___ or slightly ___ when __ light is absorbed.

rotational, increased, decreased IR

CO2 trapped in ice-core samples from Antarctica indicate that the atmospheric concentration of CO2 during preindustrial times was about ___ ppm. By 2010, the concentration had increased by almost ___%, to ___ppm.

280ppm, 40%, 390ppm

The rate of increase in the first decade on the twenty-first century rose to about __ppm annually.

2.0ppm

Seasonal fluctuations in CO2 concentrations are due to the growth of ____ in the ____ and ____, which removes CO2 from the , and the vegetation cycle in ____and ___, which increased it.

vegetation, spring, summer, air, decay, fall, winter

The CO2 captured by the photosynthetic process is no longer free to function as _____ gas. The carbon that is trapped in this way is called ______.

• The biological ____ of this plant material, is called the ____ reaction, which occurs mainly in the ____ and ____, frees the withdrawn CO2.

greenhouse, fixed carbon, decay, fall, winter

The increase of CO2 in the air is due to the ______, mostly ___, ____, and ____

combustion of fossil fuels, coal, oil, natural gas

A significant amount of carbon dioxide is added to the ______ when
forests are cleared, as well as the wood ____ in order to provide land for
______ use.

atmosphere, burned, agricultural

Carbon dioxide is also released into the atmosphere when _____ rock (limestone) is heated to produce ____, i.e. calcium oxide, used in the manufacturing of cement.

calcium carbonate, quicklime

The lifetime for a carbon dioxide molecule emitted into the atmosphere is
complex as it is not decomposed _____ or _______.

chemically, photochemically

The only permanent sink for CO2 is dissolution in the ____ of the ocean and/or _____ in the ocean as insoluble ____.

deep waters, precipitation, calcium carbonate

what are A and B (the major contributors)

A: fossil-fuel combustion

B: Cement production

The increase in growth rate of certain types of trees due to the increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the air is called CO2 _____

fertilization

water molecules are always ____ in air and absorb thermal ____ light through their HOH _____ vibration and absorption occurs at about __ micrometers

abundant, IR, bending, 6.3microcmeters

____ is the most important greenhouse gas in the Earth’s atmosphere.

water

the burning of fossil fuels produce ____ as a product

water

water in the ____ arises from the evaporation of ____ and solid ____ on Earth’s surface and in ____.

troposphere, liquid, water, clouds

positive feedback: the operation of a phenomenon produces a result that itself further _____ the result.

amplifies

After carbon dioxide and water , ____ is the next most important greenhouse gas,

methane

HCH bond-angle-bending vibrations absorb at __micrometers

7.7micrometers

Molecules of methane in the air have an average lifetime of slightly less than ____.

a decade

the dominant sink for atmospheric methane (almost 90%) is its reaction with molecules of ____

hydroxyl

about 70% of current methane emissions are ____.

anthropogenic

Most of the methane produced from plant decay results from the process of _____ decomposition, which is decomposition in the absence of ____.

anaerobic, oxygen

Anaerobic decomposition occurs on a huge scale where plant decay operates under ____-logged conditions.

water

_____ are the largest natural source of methan emissions.

Wetlands

Increase in rice production means increases in ___ emissions from the source.

methane

The expansion of wetlands that occurs by the ____ of land to produce more ____ power adds to the total natural emissions of _____ gas.

flooding, hydroelectric, methane

The anaerobic decomposition of the ____in garbage in landfills also contributes to the source of methane emissions into the air.

organic matter

The ____ of biomass is also a contributor to methan emissions.

brurning

Ruminant animals like cattle, sheep, and certain wild animals produce huge amounts of ___ as a by-product.

methane

The animals subsequently emit methane into the air by ___ or ___

belching, flatulence

methane is released into the air when ______ leak, when ____ is mined and when crude ___ is collected or refined.

gas pipelines, coal, oil

Nitrous oxide is also known as?

laughing gas