________ can vote to establish a peacekeeping force and request states to contribute military forces.
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Osama bin Laden
In addition to the original organization founded by ________ responsible for the World Trade Center attack, al- Qaeda also encompasses local franchises concerned with country- specific issues, as well as imitators and emulators ideologically aligned with al- Qaeda but not financially tied to it.
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Geometric boundaries
________ are simply straight lines drawn on a map.
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Germany
________ and Italy emerged in the nineteenth century as states unified by language.
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Libya
________ renounced terrorism in 2003, and has provided compensation for victims of Pan Am 103.
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Rio Grande
The ________, the river separating the United States and Mexico, has frequently meandered from its previous course since it became part of the boundary in 1848.
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Namibia
When ________ was a colony of Germany, the proruption disrupted communications among the British colonies of southern Africa.
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independent Sahrawi Republic
A(n) ________ was declared by the Polisario Front and recognized by most African countries, but Morocco and Mauritania annexed the northern and southern portions, respectively.
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OAS
The ________ promotes social, cultural, political, and economic links among member states.
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colonial era
The ________ began in the 1400s when European explorers sailed westward for Asia but encountered and settled in the Western Hemisphere instead.
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Political geographers
________ study how people have organized Earth's land surface into countries and alliances, reasons underlying the observed arrangements, and the conflicts that result from the organization.
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kham
A tribe ('ashira) is divided into several clans (fukhdhs), which in tum encompass several houses (beit), which in tum include several extended families (________)
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Trade Center
The tallest buildings in the United States, the 110- story twin towers of the World ________ in New York City, were destroyed, and the Pentagon, near Washington, D.C., was damaged.
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Gulf War
The 1991 U.S.- led ________, known as Operation Desert Storm, drove Iraq out of Kuwait, but it failed to remove Hussein from power.
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Cold War
With the end of the ________ in the 1990s, the renamed OSCE expanded to include Warsaw Pact countries and became a more active forum for countries concerned with ending conflicts in Europe, especially in the Balkans and Caucasus.
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Trucks
________ can carry goods across borders without stopping, and a bank can open branches in any member country with supervision only by the bank's home country.
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Spain
________ controlled the territory on the continent's west coast between Morocco and Mauritania until withdrawing in 1976.
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France
The consolidation of neighboring estates under the unified control of a king formed the basis for the development of such modern Western European states as England, ________, and Spain.
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states deserts
Three types of physical elements serve as boundaries between ________, mountains, and water.
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Jemaah Islamiyah
________ is an example of an al- Qaeda franchise with local concerns, specifically with establishing fundamentalist Islamic governments in Southeast Asia.
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frontier
A(n) ________ is a zone where no state exercises complete political control.
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Afghanistan
The 6 years of Taliban rule temporarily suppressed a civil war that has raged in ________ on and off since the 1970s.
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Iraq
________ is divided into around 150 tribes.
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Mountains
________ are also useful boundaries because they are rather permanent and are usually sparsely inhabited.
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bin Laden
In a 1998 fatwa " (religious decree), "________ argued that Muslims had a duty to wage a holy war against U.S. citizens because the United States was responsible for maintaining the Saud royal family as rulers of Saudi Arabia and a state of Israel dominated by Jews.
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Hussein
________ ordered the use of poison gas in 1988 against Iraqi Kurds, killing 5, 000.
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Warsaw Pact
________ troops also invaded Czechoslovakia in 1968 to depose a government committed to reforms.
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Mesopotamia
________ was organized into a succession of empires by the Sumerians, Assyrians, Babylonians, and Persians.
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Pan Am Flight
December 21, 1998: A terrorist bomb destroyed ________ 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, killing all 259 aboard, plus 11 on the ground.
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Terrorists
________ attempt to achieve their objectives through organized acts that spread fear and anxiety among the population, such as bombing, kidnapping, hijacking, taking of hostages, and assassination.
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Poland
In 1999, ________ adopted a three- tier system of local government.
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U.S.
________ relations with Libya had been poor since 1981 when ________ aircraft shot down attacking Libyan warplanes while conducting exercises over waters that the United States considered international but that Libya considered inside its territory.
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Eastern Europe
The United Nations is playing an important role in trying to separate warring groups in a number of regions, especially in ________, the Middle East, and sub- 0Saharan Africa.
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Language
________ is an important cultural characteristic for drawing boundaries, especially in Europe.
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Bangladeshis
________ may travel between Dahagram and Angarpota and the rest of ________, and Indians may travel between Cooch Behar and the rest of India without submitting to passport inspection, customs declarations, and other international border controls.
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Saudi Arabia
________ was separated from Kuwait by a diamond- shaped frontier called a Neutral Zone until 1965, and another diamond- shaped Neutral Zone separated ________ from Iraq until 1981.
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water boundaries
Historically, ________ offered good protection against attack from another state, because an invading state had to transport its troops by air or ship and secure a landing spot in the country being attacked.
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Cold War era
During the ________, the United States and the Soviet Union used the veto to prevent undesired UN intervention, and it was only after the Soviet Unions delegate walked out of a Security Council meeting in 1950 that the UN voted to send troops to support South Korea.
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Belgium
When it was established in 1958, the predecessor to the European Union included six countries- ________, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany)
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Modern communications systems
________ permit countries to monitor and guard boundaries effectively, even in previously inaccessible locations.
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Democratic Republic of Congo
The boundary between ________ and Zambia runs through Lake Mwera.
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colony
A(n) ________ is a territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than being completely independent.
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Daoud
________ was murdered 5 years later and replaced by a government led by military officers sympathetic to the Soviet Union.
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Soviet Union
The ________ sent its armies into Hungary in 1956 and Czechoslovakia in 1968 to install more sympathetic governments.
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Taiwan
According to China's government, ________ is not sovereign, but a part of China.
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Theodore J Kaczynski
________, known as the Unabomber, was convicted of killing 3 people and injuring 23 others by sending bombs through the mail during a 17- year period.
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1975
When founded in ________, the Organization on Security and Cooperation was composed primarily of Western European countries and played only a limited role.
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al Qaeda
Responsible or implicated in most of the anti- U.S. terrorism during the 1990s, as well as the September 11, 2001, attacks, was the ________ network, founded by Osama bin Laden.
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Nile River
Egypt controlled a long, narrow region along the banks of the ________, extending from the Nile Delta at the Mediterranean Sea southward for several hundred kilometers.
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Cyprus
When ________ gained independence from Britain in 1960, its constitution guaranteed the Turkish minority a substantial share of elected offices and control over its own education, religion, and culture.
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The question posed in this key issue may seem self-evident, because a map of the world shows that virtually all habi-
able land belongs to a country
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For example, before the outbreak of World War I in the early twentieth century, there were eight great powers
Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States
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December 21, 1998
A terrorist bomb destroyed Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, killing all 259 aboard, plus 11 on the ground
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February 26, 1993
A car bomb parked in the underground garage damaged New Yorks World Trade Center, killing 6 and injuring about 1,000
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May 12, 2003
35 died (including 9 terrorists) in car bomb detonations at two apartment complexes in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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November 20, 2003
32 (including 2 terrorists) were killed at the British consulate and British-owned HSBC Bank in Istanbul
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October 12, 2002
A nightclub in the resort town of Kuta on the island of Bali was bombed, killing 202
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August 5, 2003
Car bombs killed 12 at a Marriott hotel in the capital Jakarta
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October 1, 2005
Attacks on a downtown square in Kuta as well as a food court in Jimbaran, also on Bali, killed 23 (including 3 terrorists)
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state
an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs
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sovereignty
independence from control of its internal affairs by other states
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microstates
states with very small land areas
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city-state
a sovereign state that comprises a town and the surrounding countryside
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colony
a territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than being completely independent
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colonialism
the effort by one country to establish settlements in a territory and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles on that territory
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imperialism
control of territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous society, whereas colonialism is control of previously uninhabited or sparsely inhabited land
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boundary
an invisible line marking the extent of a state's territory
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compact state
the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly
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elongated states
have a long and narrow shape
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prorupted state
an otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension
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perforated state
a state that completely surrounds another one
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fragmented state
includes several discontinuous pieces of territory
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landlocked state
lacks a direct outlet to the sea because it is completely surrounded by several other countries
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physical boundaries
coincide with significant features of the natural landscape
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cultural boundaries
follow the distribution of cultural characteristics
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frontier
a zone where no state exercises complete political control
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unitary state
places most power in the hands of central government officials
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federal state
allocates strong power to units of local government within the country
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gerrymandering
the process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power
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balance of power
a condition of roughly equal strength between opposing alliances
Studied by 4 people
