Studied by 4 peopleUN members
________ can vote to establish a peacekeeping force and request states to contribute military forces.
Osama bin Laden
In addition to the original organization founded by ________ responsible for the World Trade Center attack, al- Qaeda also encompasses local franchises concerned with country- specific issues, as well as imitators and emulators ideologically aligned with al- Qaeda but not financially tied to it.
Geometric boundaries
________ are simply straight lines drawn on a map.
Germany
________ and Italy emerged in the nineteenth century as states unified by language.
Libya
________ renounced terrorism in 2003, and has provided compensation for victims of Pan Am 103.
Rio Grande
The ________, the river separating the United States and Mexico, has frequently meandered from its previous course since it became part of the boundary in 1848.
Namibia
When ________ was a colony of Germany, the proruption disrupted communications among the British colonies of southern Africa.
independent Sahrawi Republic
A(n) ________ was declared by the Polisario Front and recognized by most African countries, but Morocco and Mauritania annexed the northern and southern portions, respectively.
OAS
The ________ promotes social, cultural, political, and economic links among member states.
colonial era
The ________ began in the 1400s when European explorers sailed westward for Asia but encountered and settled in the Western Hemisphere instead.
Political geographers
________ study how people have organized Earth's land surface into countries and alliances, reasons underlying the observed arrangements, and the conflicts that result from the organization.
kham
A tribe ('ashira) is divided into several clans (fukhdhs), which in tum encompass several houses (beit), which in tum include several extended families (________)
Trade Center
The tallest buildings in the United States, the 110- story twin towers of the World ________ in New York City, were destroyed, and the Pentagon, near Washington, D.C., was damaged.
Gulf War
The 1991 U.S.- led ________, known as Operation Desert Storm, drove Iraq out of Kuwait, but it failed to remove Hussein from power.
Cold War
With the end of the ________ in the 1990s, the renamed OSCE expanded to include Warsaw Pact countries and became a more active forum for countries concerned with ending conflicts in Europe, especially in the Balkans and Caucasus.
Trucks
________ can carry goods across borders without stopping, and a bank can open branches in any member country with supervision only by the bank's home country.
Spain
________ controlled the territory on the continent's west coast between Morocco and Mauritania until withdrawing in 1976.
France
The consolidation of neighboring estates under the unified control of a king formed the basis for the development of such modern Western European states as England, ________, and Spain.
states deserts
Three types of physical elements serve as boundaries between ________, mountains, and water.
Jemaah Islamiyah
________ is an example of an al- Qaeda franchise with local concerns, specifically with establishing fundamentalist Islamic governments in Southeast Asia.
frontier
A(n) ________ is a zone where no state exercises complete political control.
Afghanistan
The 6 years of Taliban rule temporarily suppressed a civil war that has raged in ________ on and off since the 1970s.
Iraq
________ is divided into around 150 tribes.
Mountains
________ are also useful boundaries because they are rather permanent and are usually sparsely inhabited.
bin Laden
In a 1998 fatwa " (religious decree), "________ argued that Muslims had a duty to wage a holy war against U.S. citizens because the United States was responsible for maintaining the Saud royal family as rulers of Saudi Arabia and a state of Israel dominated by Jews.
Hussein
________ ordered the use of poison gas in 1988 against Iraqi Kurds, killing 5, 000.
Warsaw Pact
________ troops also invaded Czechoslovakia in 1968 to depose a government committed to reforms.
Mesopotamia
________ was organized into a succession of empires by the Sumerians, Assyrians, Babylonians, and Persians.
Pan Am Flight
December 21, 1998: A terrorist bomb destroyed ________ 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, killing all 259 aboard, plus 11 on the ground.
Terrorists
________ attempt to achieve their objectives through organized acts that spread fear and anxiety among the population, such as bombing, kidnapping, hijacking, taking of hostages, and assassination.
Poland
In 1999, ________ adopted a three- tier system of local government.
U.S.
________ relations with Libya had been poor since 1981 when ________ aircraft shot down attacking Libyan warplanes while conducting exercises over waters that the United States considered international but that Libya considered inside its territory.
Eastern Europe
The United Nations is playing an important role in trying to separate warring groups in a number of regions, especially in ________, the Middle East, and sub- 0Saharan Africa.
Language
________ is an important cultural characteristic for drawing boundaries, especially in Europe.
Bangladeshis
________ may travel between Dahagram and Angarpota and the rest of ________, and Indians may travel between Cooch Behar and the rest of India without submitting to passport inspection, customs declarations, and other international border controls.
Saudi Arabia
________ was separated from Kuwait by a diamond- shaped frontier called a Neutral Zone until 1965, and another diamond- shaped Neutral Zone separated ________ from Iraq until 1981.
water boundaries
Historically, ________ offered good protection against attack from another state, because an invading state had to transport its troops by air or ship and secure a landing spot in the country being attacked.
Cold War era
During the ________, the United States and the Soviet Union used the veto to prevent undesired UN intervention, and it was only after the Soviet Unions delegate walked out of a Security Council meeting in 1950 that the UN voted to send troops to support South Korea.
Belgium
When it was established in 1958, the predecessor to the European Union included six countries- ________, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany)
Modern communications systems
________ permit countries to monitor and guard boundaries effectively, even in previously inaccessible locations.
Democratic Republic of Congo
The boundary between ________ and Zambia runs through Lake Mwera.
colony
A(n) ________ is a territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than being completely independent.
Daoud
________ was murdered 5 years later and replaced by a government led by military officers sympathetic to the Soviet Union.
Soviet Union
The ________ sent its armies into Hungary in 1956 and Czechoslovakia in 1968 to install more sympathetic governments.
Taiwan
According to China's government, ________ is not sovereign, but a part of China.
Theodore J Kaczynski
________, known as the Unabomber, was convicted of killing 3 people and injuring 23 others by sending bombs through the mail during a 17- year period.
1975
When founded in ________, the Organization on Security and Cooperation was composed primarily of Western European countries and played only a limited role.
al Qaeda
Responsible or implicated in most of the anti- U.S. terrorism during the 1990s, as well as the September 11, 2001, attacks, was the ________ network, founded by Osama bin Laden.
Nile River
Egypt controlled a long, narrow region along the banks of the ________, extending from the Nile Delta at the Mediterranean Sea southward for several hundred kilometers.
Cyprus
When ________ gained independence from Britain in 1960, its constitution guaranteed the Turkish minority a substantial share of elected offices and control over its own education, religion, and culture.
The question posed in this key issue may seem self-evident, because a map of the world shows that virtually all habi-
able land belongs to a country
For example, before the outbreak of World War I in the early twentieth century, there were eight great powers
Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States
December 21, 1998
A terrorist bomb destroyed Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, killing all 259 aboard, plus 11 on the ground
February 26, 1993
A car bomb parked in the underground garage damaged New Yorks World Trade Center, killing 6 and injuring about 1,000
May 12, 2003
35 died (including 9 terrorists) in car bomb detonations at two apartment complexes in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
November 20, 2003
32 (including 2 terrorists) were killed at the British consulate and British-owned HSBC Bank in Istanbul
October 12, 2002
A nightclub in the resort town of Kuta on the island of Bali was bombed, killing 202
August 5, 2003
Car bombs killed 12 at a Marriott hotel in the capital Jakarta
October 1, 2005
Attacks on a downtown square in Kuta as well as a food court in Jimbaran, also on Bali, killed 23 (including 3 terrorists)
state
an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs
sovereignty
independence from control of its internal affairs by other states
microstates
states with very small land areas
city-state
a sovereign state that comprises a town and the surrounding countryside
colony
a territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than being completely independent
colonialism
the effort by one country to establish settlements in a territory and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles on that territory
imperialism
control of territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous society, whereas colonialism is control of previously uninhabited or sparsely inhabited land
boundary
an invisible line marking the extent of a state's territory
compact state
the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly
elongated states
have a long and narrow shape
prorupted state
an otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension
perforated state
a state that completely surrounds another one
fragmented state
includes several discontinuous pieces of territory
landlocked state
lacks a direct outlet to the sea because it is completely surrounded by several other countries
physical boundaries
coincide with significant features of the natural landscape
cultural boundaries
follow the distribution of cultural characteristics
frontier
a zone where no state exercises complete political control
unitary state
places most power in the hands of central government officials
federal state
allocates strong power to units of local government within the country
gerrymandering
the process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power
balance of power
a condition of roughly equal strength between opposing alliances
Note
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