The Cultural Landscape Chapter 8: Political Geography

UN members

________ can vote to establish a peacekeeping force and request states to contribute military forces.

Osama bin Laden

In addition to the original organization founded by ________ responsible for the World Trade Center attack, al- Qaeda also encompasses local franchises concerned with country- specific issues, as well as imitators and emulators ideologically aligned with al- Qaeda but not financially tied to it.

Geometric boundaries

________ are simply straight lines drawn on a map.

Germany

________ and Italy emerged in the nineteenth century as states unified by language.

Libya

________ renounced terrorism in 2003, and has provided compensation for victims of Pan Am 103.

Rio Grande

The ________, the river separating the United States and Mexico, has frequently meandered from its previous course since it became part of the boundary in 1848.

Namibia

When ________ was a colony of Germany, the proruption disrupted communications among the British colonies of southern Africa.

independent Sahrawi Republic

A(n) ________ was declared by the Polisario Front and recognized by most African countries, but Morocco and Mauritania annexed the northern and southern portions, respectively.

OAS

The ________ promotes social, cultural, political, and economic links among member states.

colonial era

The ________ began in the 1400s when European explorers sailed westward for Asia but encountered and settled in the Western Hemisphere instead.

Political geographers

________ study how people have organized Earth's land surface into countries and alliances, reasons underlying the observed arrangements, and the conflicts that result from the organization.

kham

A tribe ('ashira) is divided into several clans (fukhdhs), which in tum encompass several houses (beit), which in tum include several extended families (________)

Trade Center

The tallest buildings in the United States, the 110- story twin towers of the World ________ in New York City, were destroyed, and the Pentagon, near Washington, D.C., was damaged.

Gulf War

The 1991 U.S.- led ________, known as Operation Desert Storm, drove Iraq out of Kuwait, but it failed to remove Hussein from power.

Cold War

With the end of the ________ in the 1990s, the renamed OSCE expanded to include Warsaw Pact countries and became a more active forum for countries concerned with ending conflicts in Europe, especially in the Balkans and Caucasus.

Trucks

________ can carry goods across borders without stopping, and a bank can open branches in any member country with supervision only by the bank's home country.

Spain

________ controlled the territory on the continent's west coast between Morocco and Mauritania until withdrawing in 1976.

France

The consolidation of neighboring estates under the unified control of a king formed the basis for the development of such modern Western European states as England, ________, and Spain.

states deserts

Three types of physical elements serve as boundaries between ________, mountains, and water.

Jemaah Islamiyah

________ is an example of an al- Qaeda franchise with local concerns, specifically with establishing fundamentalist Islamic governments in Southeast Asia.

frontier

A(n) ________ is a zone where no state exercises complete political control.

Afghanistan

The 6 years of Taliban rule temporarily suppressed a civil war that has raged in ________ on and off since the 1970s.

Iraq

________ is divided into around 150 tribes.

Mountains

________ are also useful boundaries because they are rather permanent and are usually sparsely inhabited.

bin Laden

In a 1998 fatwa " (religious decree), "________ argued that Muslims had a duty to wage a holy war against U.S. citizens because the United States was responsible for maintaining the Saud royal family as rulers of Saudi Arabia and a state of Israel dominated by Jews.

Hussein

________ ordered the use of poison gas in 1988 against Iraqi Kurds, killing 5, 000.

Warsaw Pact

________ troops also invaded Czechoslovakia in 1968 to depose a government committed to reforms.

Mesopotamia

________ was organized into a succession of empires by the Sumerians, Assyrians, Babylonians, and Persians.

Pan Am Flight

December 21, 1998: A terrorist bomb destroyed ________ 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, killing all 259 aboard, plus 11 on the ground.

Terrorists

________ attempt to achieve their objectives through organized acts that spread fear and anxiety among the population, such as bombing, kidnapping, hijacking, taking of hostages, and assassination.

Poland

In 1999, ________ adopted a three- tier system of local government.

U.S.

________ relations with Libya had been poor since 1981 when ________ aircraft shot down attacking Libyan warplanes while conducting exercises over waters that the United States considered international but that Libya considered inside its territory.

Eastern Europe

The United Nations is playing an important role in trying to separate warring groups in a number of regions, especially in ________, the Middle East, and sub- 0Saharan Africa.

Language

________ is an important cultural characteristic for drawing boundaries, especially in Europe.

Bangladeshis

________ may travel between Dahagram and Angarpota and the rest of ________, and Indians may travel between Cooch Behar and the rest of India without submitting to passport inspection, customs declarations, and other international border controls.

Saudi Arabia

________ was separated from Kuwait by a diamond- shaped frontier called a Neutral Zone until 1965, and another diamond- shaped Neutral Zone separated ________ from Iraq until 1981.

water boundaries

Historically, ________ offered good protection against attack from another state, because an invading state had to transport its troops by air or ship and secure a landing spot in the country being attacked.

Cold War era

During the ________, the United States and the Soviet Union used the veto to prevent undesired UN intervention, and it was only after the Soviet Unions delegate walked out of a Security Council meeting in 1950 that the UN voted to send troops to support South Korea.

Belgium

When it was established in 1958, the predecessor to the European Union included six countries- ________, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany)

Modern communications systems

________ permit countries to monitor and guard boundaries effectively, even in previously inaccessible locations.

Democratic Republic of Congo

The boundary between ________ and Zambia runs through Lake Mwera.

colony

A(n) ________ is a territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than being completely independent.

Daoud

________ was murdered 5 years later and replaced by a government led by military officers sympathetic to the Soviet Union.

Soviet Union

The ________ sent its armies into Hungary in 1956 and Czechoslovakia in 1968 to install more sympathetic governments.

Taiwan

According to China's government, ________ is not sovereign, but a part of China.

Theodore J Kaczynski

________, known as the Unabomber, was convicted of killing 3 people and injuring 23 others by sending bombs through the mail during a 17- year period.

1975

When founded in ________, the Organization on Security and Cooperation was composed primarily of Western European countries and played only a limited role.

al Qaeda

Responsible or implicated in most of the anti- U.S. terrorism during the 1990s, as well as the September 11, 2001, attacks, was the ________ network, founded by Osama bin Laden.

Nile River

Egypt controlled a long, narrow region along the banks of the ________, extending from the Nile Delta at the Mediterranean Sea southward for several hundred kilometers.

Cyprus

When ________ gained independence from Britain in 1960, its constitution guaranteed the Turkish minority a substantial share of elected offices and control over its own education, religion, and culture.

The question posed in this key issue may seem self-evident, because a map of the world shows that virtually all habi-

able land belongs to a country

For example, before the outbreak of World War I in the early twentieth century, there were eight great powers

Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States

December 21, 1998

A terrorist bomb destroyed Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, killing all 259 aboard, plus 11 on the ground

February 26, 1993

A car bomb parked in the underground garage damaged New Yorks World Trade Center, killing 6 and injuring about 1,000

May 12, 2003

35 died (including 9 terrorists) in car bomb detonations at two apartment complexes in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

November 20, 2003

32 (including 2 terrorists) were killed at the British consulate and British-owned HSBC Bank in Istanbul

October 12, 2002

A nightclub in the resort town of Kuta on the island of Bali was bombed, killing 202

August 5, 2003

Car bombs killed 12 at a Marriott hotel in the capital Jakarta

October 1, 2005

Attacks on a downtown square in Kuta as well as a food court in Jimbaran, also on Bali, killed 23 (including 3 terrorists)

state

an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs

sovereignty

independence from control of its internal affairs by other states

microstates

states with very small land areas

city-state

a sovereign state that comprises a town and the surrounding countryside

colony

a territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than being completely independent

colonialism

the effort by one country to establish settlements in a territory and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles on that territory

imperialism

control of territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous society, whereas colonialism is control of previously uninhabited or sparsely inhabited land

boundary

an invisible line marking the extent of a state's territory

compact state

the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly

elongated states

have a long and narrow shape

prorupted state

an otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension

perforated state

a state that completely surrounds another one

fragmented state

includes several discontinuous pieces of territory

landlocked state

lacks a direct outlet to the sea because it is completely surrounded by several other countries

physical boundaries

coincide with significant features of the natural landscape

cultural boundaries

follow the distribution of cultural characteristics

frontier

a zone where no state exercises complete political control

unitary state

places most power in the hands of central government officials

federal state

allocates strong power to units of local government within the country

gerrymandering

the process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power

balance of power

a condition of roughly equal strength between opposing alliances