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Biological Classification

The process of understanding the principles and importance of classifying organisms

Taxonomy

The science of naming and classifying organisms

Taxis

Derived from Greek meaning arrangement

Nomos

Derived from Greek meaning law

Taxonomists

Classify organisms into a structural hierarchy

Carolus Linnaeus

Founder of Modern Taxonomy

Linnaean system

Assigns each species a two-part scientific name composed of Greek or Latin words

Genus

The first part of the scientific name a taxon that includes closely related species

Species name

The second part of the scientific name particular to each species in the genus

Three Domain System

Developed by Carl Woese in 1990

Domain Archaea

Consists of Prokaryotes

Domain Eukarya

Consists of Eukaryotes

Kingdom Animalia

A taxonomic kingdom of living and extinct animals members are eukaryotic multicellular heterotrophic and mostly are motile

Porifera phylum

Asymmetric no true tissues no body cavity filter feeders

Cnidaria phylum

Radial symmetry stinging cells cnidocytes incomplete digestive tract

Platyhelminthes phylum

Bilateral symmetry acoelomate three tissue layers

Nematoda phylum

Bilateral symmetry pseudocoelomate complete digestive tract

Annelida phylum

Segmented coelomate complete digestive tract closed circulatory system

Arthropoda phylum

Segmented jointed limbs exoskeleton of chitin

Mollusca phylum

Soft body most have a shell muscular foot open or closed circulation

Echinodermata phylum

Radial symmetry in adults water vascular system endoskeleton

Chordata phylum

Bilateral symmetry notochord dorsal nerve cord closed circulatory system

Cells

The fundamental units of life forming the foundation of all living organisms

Robert Hooke

Observed cork tissue under a compound microscope in 1665 concluded the structures were non-living entities

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Observed cells under a compound microscope with higher magnification concluded microscopic entities were alive

Robert Brown

Scottish botanist who provided the first insights into cell structure in 1883 described the nucleus in orchid cells

Nucleus

Holds genetic information necessary for reproduction and cell growth

Mitochondria

A double membrane-bound organelle mainly responsible for energy transactions vital for cell survival

Lysosomes

Digest unwanted materials in the cell

Endoplasmic reticulum

Plays a significant role in internal organization by synthesizing selective molecules

First principle of Cell Theory

All living organisms are composed of cells

Second principle of Cell Theory

Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms

Third principle of Cell Theory

All cells arise from pre-existing cells

Cell Continuity

Ensures the continuity of life as all cells arise from pre-existing cells

Prokaryotic Cells

Cells that have no nucleus they are single-celled microorganisms

Eukaryotic Cells

Cells that have a true nucleus

Nucleoid

The region in prokaryotes where the genetic material is freely suspended

Binary Fission

Form of asexual reproduction generally used by prokaryotes

Conjugation

Genes are transferred between two bacteria through a pilus

Transformation

DNA from the surroundings is taken by a bacterial cell and incorporated in its DNA

Transduction

Genetic material is transferred into a bacterial cell with the help of bacteriophages

Capsule

An outer protective covering found in bacterial cells that aids in moisture retention

Cell Wall prokaryotic

Outermost layer of the cell which gives shape to the cell

Pili

Hair-like outgrowths that attach to the surface of other bacterial cells

Flagella

Long whip-like structures that help in the locomotion of a cell

Plasmids

Non-chromosomal DNA structures not involved in reproduction

Plasma Membrane

The outer boundary of the cell regulating the passage of molecules in and out of the cell

Cytoplasm

The gel-like substance that fills the cell housing organelles

Cell Membrane Structure

Composed of a phospholipid bilayer with hydrophilic heads facing outward

Golgi Apparatus

Processes and packages proteins and lipids preparing them for secretion

Nucleolus

The site of ribosome synthesis

Nuclear Membrane

Protects the nucleus by forming a boundary between the nucleus and other cell organelles

Cell Wall in plants

Present exclusively in plant cells protects the plasma membrane

Chloroplasts

Primary organelles for photosynthesis

Vacuole

Stores food water and other waste materials in the cell

Anabolism

Building up of complex molecules from simpler ones requiring energy input

Catabolism

Breaking down of complex molecules into simpler ones releasing energy

Cellular Respiration

The process of breaking down glucose to generate energy ATP

Photosynthesis

Process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy

Mitosis

Cell division producing two genetically identical daughter cells purpose is growth repair and asexual reproduction

Meiosis

Cell division producing four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes purpose is sexual reproduction

Nerve Cells

Specialized for transmitting electrical signals throughout the body

Muscle Cells

Specialized for contraction generating movement

Red Blood Cells

Specialized for transporting oxygen throughout the body

Head or Body Tube

Holds the eyepiece lens and connects it to the objective lens

Arm

Connects the base to the head and is used when carrying the microscope

Base

The lowermost part that supports the entire microscope structure

Eyepiece Ocular Lens

The part you look through typically with 10X magnification

Objective Lenses

Provide the primary magnification

Illuminator

Provides the light that shines through the specimen

Diaphragm

Controls the amount of light that passes through the specimen to the objective lens

Condenser

Focuses the light onto the specimen for a clearer image

Stage

The flat platform where the specimen slide is placed

Coarse Adjustment Knob

Moves the stage up and down in larger increments for initial focusing

Fine Adjustment Knob

Moves the stage in small increments to bring the image into sharp precise focus

Aperture

A hole in the microscope stage through which transmitted light reaches the stage

Life Science

Studies living organisms and processes

Biology

The study of life

Microbiology

Study of microorganisms

Botany

Study of plants

Zoology

Study of animals

Cytology

Studies structures and functions of cells

Embryology

Studies formation and development of organisms

Anatomy

Studies structures and parts of organisms

Physiology

Studies functions of living organisms and their parts

Genetics

Studies heredity and variation

Ecology

Studies relationship of organisms with their environment

Genomics

Studies the genetic material genome of an organism

Proteomics

Studies proteins in a living organism

Immunology

Studies the immune system and immunity

Abiogenesis

A scientific theory that explains how first life forms arose from inorganic substances

Theory of Biogenesis

The theory that living things can only come from other living things

Francesco Redi's experiment

Demonstrated that life is necessary to produce life

John Needham's experiment

Results incorrectly supported spontaneous generation

Lazaro Spallanzani's experiment

Contradicted Needham's result by preventing microbes from entering sealed flasks

Louis Pasteur's experiment

Used a swan-necked flask to disprove spontaneous generation

John Tyndall's finding

Nutrient broth can contain heat-resistant microbes known as endospores

Tyndallization

Steaming products at 100°C for 20-45 minutes for three successive days

Special Creation theory

States all living organisms were created by God

Panspermia

Concept that life may have originated elsewhere in the universe and reached Earth through space travel