Bio Test 3

antibodies

proteins the body produces to fight off antigens

self

originating from the zygote

non-self

living things that do not originate from the zygote

inate immunity

things you are born with (skin, saliva, mucous membrane, white blood cells, fever, fight infection

aquired immunity

immunity developed due to exposure (vaccines)

B cells

• mature in bone marrow

• produce antibodies: antibody mediated immunity

• activate through binding to free antigens

• target extracellular bacteria or virus in the blood

• antibody production

T cells

• mature in thymus

• directly kill infected cells

• cell mediated immunity

• activated by antigens presented by antigen presenting cells

• targets intracellular pathogens like viruses or cancer

• cell mediated responses

autoimmune diseases

body recognizes self as a non-self organism, more common in women

vaccine origin: smallpox:

• Dr. Jenner infected a child with cow pox (related virus) and then later he was immune to small pox

polio origin

Saulk creates vaccines with formaldehyde, not patented “for the good of the world,” used weaker version of the virus

antigens

parts of the pathogen, such as proteins or sugars that trigger an immune response

adjuvants

substances that enhance the immune response

stabilizers and preservatives

ensure that the vaccine remains effective during storage and transport

mRNA vaccines

genetic sequence that instruct cells to produce the pathogen’s protein, triggering immunity (COVID vaccine)

male repro step 1

GnRH is released from the hypothalamus

male repro step 2

GnRH arrives in the anterior pituitary through the hypothalamic portal system and stimulates the release of FH and LSH

male repro step 3

LH released into the bloodstream and stimulates leydig cells to produce testosterone

male repro step 4

FH is released into the blood and stimulates spermogenesis in Sertoli cells

male repro system is a _______ feedback loop

negative

menstartion cycle is usually

28 days

days 1-5

menstration, shed lining, FSH will rise to stimulate egg maturity

days 6-13

egg develops in the follicle, FSH is high, estrogen will rise to trigger ovulation

Days 14-16

Ovulation, all hormones peak except progesterone, LH surge is important, the only time a woman is fertile

days 17-28

progesterone rises to stop new ovulation, slight rise in estrogen

hormonal birth control

IUD, oral contraceptives, implant,

non-hormonal birth control

copper IUD, cervical cap, spermicide, condom

Margaret Sanger

pushed to develop the pill (activist)

Katherine McKormick

funded devleopement of the pill

Gregory Pincus

designed the birth control pill