PERDEV REVIEWER_ 1ST QTR LESSON 3

answer w term only

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Division of the nervous system located within:

skull (brain)

spine (spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS

Division of the nervous system outside the CNS

Consists of the neurons and parts of neurons found outside of the CNS

Neuron

called the Nerve cells or brain cells

Neuron

basic functional units of the nervous system

Neuron

specializes cells that transmit and receive electrical signals in the body

Sensory Neuron

receive signals/info

interneuron

integrate incoming signals to determine if the information should be passed or not

motor Neuron:

communicate signals to target cells such as other neurons/muscles/glands

Dendrites

receive signals from other neurons, muscles, or sense organs and pass the signals towards the cell body

Cell Body

contains the nucleus; provides fuel, manufactures chemicals, and maintains the entire neuron in working order.

axon

carries signals away from the cell body to neighbouring neurons, organs or muscles.

Myelin Sheath

fatty material that insulates an axon; prevents interference from electrical signals from adjacent axons.

Terminal Button

region where neurotransmitters are stored

Synapse

small gap between the terminal button and its adjacent organ, muscle, or cell body

Synaptic Vesicle

spherical membrane packages that store neurotransmitter molecules ready for releases near synapses.

neurotransmitters

Molecules that are released from active neurons and influence the activity of cells.

Learning and Neural Communication

occurs when two neurons communicate with each other (neurons have “learned” when one neuron sends a message to another)

2 Processes Of Neural Communication

electrical Transmission

2 Processes Of Neural Communication

chemical Transmission

Electrical Transmission

also known as conduction

Electrical Transmission

mechanism that involves the communication of the cell body with its own terminals via the axon (intracellular signaling or communication within the cell)

Electrical Transmission

involves electrical signals (action potentials) along axons for long distance and rapid communication.

dendrites

First, the information is received by the ______

cell body

Sec-ond, the dendrites passes through the ______

axon

Third, after the cell body it goes through the _______

terminal buttons

fourth, After the axon, it goes through the _______

synapse

Finally, After the terminal buttons it goes into the _______

chemical Transmission

communication between neurons (intercellular signaling) occurs in the synapses by the process of neurotransmission

neurons (dendrites)

very time we learn, our ____________ make connections.

Chemical Transmission

the more often we access the neural network, the synapses become stronger as well.

Chemical Transmission

Action potential electrical impulses travel down a neuron’s axon until reaching the synapse

Chemical Transmission

Upon reaching the axon terminal, the action potential stimulates the release of neurotransmitters, that cross the synapse and bind on the receptor sites of the receiving neuron.

Chemical Transmission

the sending neuron usually reabsorbs excess neurotransmitter molecules (reuptake)

lock-and-key model

Although there are many different NTs, each has a unique chemical key that fits and open certain locks or receptors.

Excitatory neurotransmitters

(Acetylcholine, Norepinephrine) Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP) : initiates impulses depolarization (Na+ in)

inhibitory neurotransmitters

(Serotonin, Epinephrine)  Inhibitory

(Serotonin, Epinephrine) Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP): block transmission hyperpolarization (K+ out)

Long Term Potentiation (LTP)

the more neurons “fire”, the more the axons and dendrites grow accustomed to each other, thereby, making connections easier to make.

Norepinephrine and epinephrin

make your brain alert

dopamine

facilitates information flow to the higher levels in the brain; low level affects working memory (low in Parkinson’s disease and high in schizophrenia)

acetylcholine

causes many of our dreams, and it is directly related to memory (Sleep enables us to practice what we have learned when we were awake)

Glutamate

involved in long term potentiation (LTP)

Dendritic Growth

new dendrites can grow as you learn, creating more connections to other neurons.

New connections are the basis for learning.

People with higher education have more dendritic connections than high school dropouts

neurotransmitters

Special chemicals called ___________

neurotransmitters

___________ carry the electrical signals across the synapse

true

When you practice something, the dendrites grow thicker with a fatty coating of myelin.

the faster the signals travel

the thicker the dendrites =

60%

ithin 20 minutes, you remember only

30%

within 24 hours, you remember only

80%

if you practice within 24 hours and then practice again later, you remember

Mid Brain

➢ Reward or pleasure center (stimulated by food, sex, money, music, attractive faces, and some drugs);

➢ visual and auditory reflexes, reticular formation (arouses the forebrain so that it is ready to process information from the senses)

fore Brain

➢ Highest center; perceives sensations, initiates voluntary movement, provide awareness of emotions, memory, thinking, planning, language abilities and other higher mental functions.

hind Brain

pons: Sleep & arousal

Medulla: Respiration, heart rate, blood pressure

Cerebellum: Coordination of movement, equilibrium, procedural memory.

Cerebellum:

Coordination of movement, equilibrium, procedural memory

Medulla:

Respiration, heart rate, blood pressure

pons

Sleep & arousal

Neocortex

Human Brain is also known as

human brain

evolved during the eocene and Oligocene epochs 55-24 millions years ago; Regulates logic and thought required for complex social situations

Limbic system

Mammal brain is also known as

Mammal brain

Evolved during the Jurassic Period 206 – 144 million years ago; Regulates: mood, memory, and hormone control; Older mammals

Instinctive brain

Reptilian brain is also known as

Reptilian brain

Brainstem + Cerebellum; Evolved during the Triassic Period 248 – 206 million years ago; Regulates: hunger, temperature control, fight-or-flight response; reptiles, fish

The Brain

the seat of the Mind

The Brain

responsible for mental functioning

The Brain

sophisticated information-processing system

The Brain

pinkish-gray

The Brain

weighs about 3 lbs. Collections of nerve cells or neurons consisting of about 100 billion neurons

The Brain

at birth, around 350 grams and increases rapidly

By age 7, the child’s brain is almost adult in weight and size

Brainstem

smallest of the 3 major parts.

Brainstem

connects the brain to spinal cord

Brainstem

Brainstem

receives all the data transmitted by the spinal cord, while, feeding information to the latter, which further relays signals to other parts of the body.

Brainstem

bodily processes that function automatically – breathing, blood pressure, heart rate, digestion

Cerebellum

voluntary movement

Receives and processes information concerning bodily movements and position from eyes, ears, and muscles.

Cerebellum

Coordinating different bodily parts

Maintaining one’s balance

Certain cognitive functions

attention, language,

Cerebrum

the largest part of the brain

Cerebrum

% of the brain’s volume, 85% of the brain’s weight

Cerebrum

responsible for most of the brain’s function such as thinking and feeling

Two cerebral hemispheres divided by a deep furrow called, “sulcus” (plural: sulci) left and right hemisphere

Two hemispheres connected by a bundle of nerve cell fibers/axons called “corpus callosum

sulcus

Two cerebral hemispheres divided by a deep furrow called

LEFT HEMISPHE

logical Abilities

Functions of the right side of the body.

Damage to this side usually leads to speech abnormalities

RIGHT HEMISPHERE

creativity

Functions of the left side of the body.

Spatial reasoning, especially in doing visual-spatial tasks.

frontal lobe

decision making, problem solving, deliberate movements, consciousness, emotion

parietal lobe

processing sensory info, body orientation attention

temporal lobe

auditory processing, processing language comprehension speech

occipital lobe

visual processing, object recognition

Cerebral Cortex

millimeters (mm.) thick mantle with 6

layers that cover the surface of the brain.

Most neurons, also called nerve cells,

are found in the cerebral cortex.

Neurons communicate with each other

and it is the strength of these

connections between them that

determine storage of knowledge.

Cerebral Lateralization of Function

alhough the left and right hemispheres are similar in appearance, there are major differences between them in function

corpus callosum

how can the two sides of the brain communicate w/ 1 another via?

Speech Laterality and Handedness

handedness is “the individual’s preference to use one hand predominately for unimanual tasks and/or the ability to perform these tasks more efficiently with one hand”

Brain Dominance Theory

people who are "right-brained" tend to be more creative and expressive, while those who are "left-brained" tend to be more analytical and logical. However, no one is fully right-brained or left-brained

Multiple Intelligences

capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges

Multiple Intelligences

the ability to solve problems or to produce something in a particular setting

Multiple Intelligences

eight distinct intelligences that DO NOT operate independently

used at the same time and complement each other as people develop skills and solve problems

Linguistic

Sensitivity to the structure, rhythm, and sounds of words and the different functions of language

Logical- mathematical

discern and operate on numerical patterns and abstract symbols systems; ability to reason logically and systematically

Spatial

perceive visual-spatial relationships and to perform transformations based on visual representations

Musical

Sensitivity to rhythm, pitch, and timbre; ability to appreciate forms of musical expressions