science 8

Atomic Structure

An atom consists of three main subatomic particles:

1. Protons: Positively charged particles in the nucleus.
2. Neutrons: Neutral particles in the nucleus.
3. Electrons: Negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus.

Density Formula

Density is the amount of mass in a given volume, calculated as:
Density = \frac{mass}{volume}

Newton's First Law of Motion

Also known as the Law of Inertia, it states that an object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

Newton's Second Law of Motion

The acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the object and the amount of force applied:
F = m \times a

Cell Theory

1. All living things are made of cells.
2. Cells are the basic unit of life.
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.

Photosynthesis Equation

The process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy:
6CO{2} + 6H{2}O + light \rightarrow C{6}H{12}O{6} + 6O{2}

Law of Conservation of Mass

Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction; the mass of the reactants must equal the mass of the products.

Plate Tectonics

The theory that Earth's outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle, causing earthquakes, volcanoes, and continental drift.

Potential vs. Kinetic Energy

• Potential Energy: Stored energy based on an object's position or state.
• Kinetic Energy: The energy of an object in motion.

Genotype vs. Phenotype

• Genotype: The genetic makeup of an organism (e.g., Bb).
• Phenotype: The physical appearance or visible traits of an organism (e.g., brown eyes).

Atomic Structure

An atom consists of three main subatomic particles:

1. Protons: Positively charged particles in the nucleus.
2. Neutrons: Neutral particles in the nucleus.
3. Electrons: Negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus.

Density Formula

Density is the amount of mass in a given volume, calculated as:

Density = \frac{mass}{volume}

Newton's First Law of Motion

Also known as the Law of Inertia, it states that an object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

Newton's Second Law of Motion

The acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the object and the amount of force applied:

F = m \times a

Cell Theory

1. All living things are made of cells.
2. Cells are the basic unit of life.
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.

Photosynthesis Equation

The process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy:

6CO{2} + 6H{2}O + light \rightarrow C{6}H{12}O{6} + 6O{2}

Law of Conservation of Mass

Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction; the mass of the reactants must equal the mass of the products.

Plate Tectonics

The theory that Earth's outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle, causing earthquakes, volcanoes, and continental drift.

Potential vs. Kinetic Energy

• Potential Energy: Stored energy based on an object's position or state.
• Kinetic Energy: The energy of an object in motion.

Genotype vs. Phenotype

• Genotype: The genetic makeup of an organism (e.g., Bb).
• Phenotype: The physical appearance or visible traits of an organism (e.g., brown eyes).

Newton's Third Law of Motion

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Physical vs. Chemical Changes

• Physical Change: A change in size, shape, or state of matter that does not create a new substance.
• Chemical Change: A process where substances reorganize into new substances with different properties.

Layers of the Earth

1. Crust: The thin, outermost layer.
2. Mantle: The thick layer of hot, solid rock between the crust and core.
3. Outer Core: Liquid layer of iron and nickel.
4. Inner Core: Solid, extremely hot center.

Speed Formula

The rate at which an object covers distance:

Speed = \frac{distance}{time}

The Rock Cycle

The continuous process by which one type of rock changes into another (igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic) through geological processes like melting, cooling, weathering, and pressure.