Adolescence

Puberty

The period during which adolescents experience physical changes, including hormonal changes and sexual maturation.

Adrenarche

Phase 1 of puberty involving the release of adrenal androgens and begins around ages 6-8.

Gonadarche

Phase 2 of puberty involving sex hormones such as estrogen and testosterone.

Menarche

The first menstrual period, typically occurring around ages 12-13.

Spermarche

The first ejaculation, typically occurring around ages 13-14.

Primary sex characteristics

Physical characteristics that relate directly to reproductive capabilities.

Secondary sex characteristics

Physical features that do not directly relate to reproductive capabilities.

Growth spurt

A rapid increase in height and weight that typically occurs in girls around ages 8-13 and boys around ages 10-16.

Psychosocial development

The process where adolescents develop their identity, self-concept, and self-esteem.

Erikson's stage

Identity vs. Role Confusion; a critical period for adolescents to determine who they are and who they want to be.

Cognitive development

Major improvements in thinking abilities during adolescence, including memory, attention, and processing speed.

Metacognition

The awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes, often termed 'thinking about thinking'.

Kohlberg's theory

Postconventional morality; moral reasoning based on self-chosen ethics and principles.

Imaginary audience

The belief that others are constantly watching and judging one's behavior, part of adolescent egocentrism.

Personal fable

The belief in one's unique qualities and experiences, contributing to a sense of invulnerability.

Anxiety

Common mental health issue during adolescence, often manifested in specific phobias.

Eating disorders

Health concerns that include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A treatment method for eating disorders that focuses on changing negative thought patterns.

Social changes in adolescence

Shift in influence from parents to peers, affecting social relationships and autonomy.

Peer pressure

Influence from peers that can be either positive or negative during adolescence.

Life-course persistent behavior

Antisocial behavior that starts early and typically continues long-term.

Adolescent-limited behavior

Antisocial behavior that occurs only during adolescence and is often short-lived.

Suicidal ideation

Distressing thoughts about wanting to end one's life, often associated with depression and anxiety.

Sexual identity

Self-perception based on gender identity and sexual orientation, which may vary significantly during adolescence.

Cisgender

A person whose gender identity aligns with the sex assigned at birth.

Transgender

A person whose gender identity differs from the sex assigned at birth.

Gender expression

The external appearance and behaviors that express one's gender identity, influenced by social expectations.

Relativistic thinking

A cognitive approach that questions absolute truths and considers perspectives based on context.

Health consequences of eating disorders

Include serious physical conditions like Type II diabetes, heart disease, and the highest fatality rate among mental disorders.

Growth patterns by sex

Girls often experience earlier growth spurts than boys, affecting body image and self-esteem.

Secondary processes in adolescent cognition

Engaging with complex thought processes, including reasoning, planning, and problem-solving.

Binge eating disorder

A disorder characterized by episodes of excessive overeating often associated with emotional distress.

Sleep and adolescence

Teenagers require 9-10 hours of sleep; insufficient sleep can lead to increased impulsivity and negative emotions.