FINAL Flashcards CP Biology

What is a macromolecule?

A large, complex assembly of molecules. **Made up of monomers.**

What is matter?

Anything–from which objects are made up of atoms–that has a mass (weight), and occupies space (volume).

What is an atom?

The basic building blocks of everything around you (that you can not see).

What is a molecule?

A group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound.

What are the six elements found in all living things?

1. Carbon
2. Hydrogen
3. Nitrogen
4. Oxygen
5. Phosphorus
6. Sulfur

What is meant by “You are what you eat”?

The macronutrients that you take in each day determine how well your body works and supports itself.

What happens in a chemical reaction?

Chemical elements are recombined in different ways to form different products.

Monomer

A single form of a macromolecule

Polymer

Multiple monomers bonded together

What is the function of carbohydrates?

Used as an immediate energy source in living organisms. When it is not used it’s stored in fat cells.

Monosaccharide

The monomer of carbohydrates.

What is the function of lipids?

Essential for the health of cell membranes and long term energy storage.

Fatty acids

The monomer of lipids.

Fat (lipids) is used for _________ in animals, otherwise known as _______.

insulation; blubber

What is the function of proteins?

Proteins help repair cells and make new ones. Proteins are also important for development and function.

Amino acids

The monomer of protein.

What is the function of nucleic acids?

Store information, include instructions for life, and coding for proteins (DNA).

Nucleotides

The monomer of nucleic acids.

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

DNA (double stranded) and RNA (single stranded).

Where does the mass of a tree come from?

The mass of a tree comes from the carbon in the air.

What are autotrophs?

Organisms that make their own food through photosynthesis.

What are heterotrophs?

Organisms that cannot make their own foods and must eat other organisms to obtain energy.

What is the Law of Conservation of Energy?

One, energy cannot be created or destroyed. Two, energy can be transformed from one form to another.

What is an example of energy transfer?

Potential → kinetic energy.

What are the two main chemical reactions that allow for life on Earth?

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

Energy is needed to ____ bonds and released when bonds are ______.

form; broken

What is ATP?

Adenosine triphosphate: a portable form of energy.

What is photosynthesis?

Process by which plants convert solar energy into glucose. It takes place in chloroplasts of plant cells.

Photosynthesis has how many stages?

Two stages called the light and dark reaction.

Photosynthesis reaction:

The reactants: *Carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight*

The products: *Glucose and oxygen*

What are the inputs and outputs of the light reaction (step 1)?

Input: *Water (H20) and sunlight*

Output: *ATP, NADPH (go to Calvin Cycle)*

**Byproduct:** *Oxygen*

What are the inputs and outputs of the Calvin cycle (dark reaction)?

Input: *ATP, NADPH, CO2*

Output: *Glucose (C6H12O6)*

The dark reaction is a __________ cycle.

“continuous”

What is G3P?

An end product of photosynthesis: It can be used to make GLUCOSE, OR Fatty Acids, OR Amino Acids.

Why is photosynthesis and autotrophs important to life on Earth?

Autotrophs take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen into the atmosphere. This oxygen is what we need to breathe and survive.

Why are phytoplankton important?

They produce half of the oxygen we breath and take in large amounts of CO2.

What affects the rate of photosynthesis?

1) Light intensity/color

2) Temperature

3) Water

4) Health of soil/environment

Why is the mitochondria important for cellular respiration?

The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell that provides energy throughout the cell.

Who goes through cellular respiration?

Every living organism.

What is cellular respiration?

The process of **releasing** energy stored in the bonds of glucose.

Why is cellular respiration important?

It provides our cells with energy so that they might function and run our system properly.

Which macromolecules are enzymes?

Proteins.

What is the importance of enzymes?

They save energy in our body by using less energy over time, and speed up chemical reactions.

What are the stages of cellular respiration?

Aerobic (Oxidative respiration) and Anaerobic (Glycolysis).

What is the aerobic stage of cellular respiration?

Presence of oxygen. Breaks down glucose with oxygen to release ATP (and CO2 and H2O)

What is the anaerobic stage of cellular respiration?

The stage with an absence of oxygen.

What happens in Glycolysis (stage 1)?

Glucose is broken down to be sent to the next stage, it takes place in the cytoplast, and 2 ATP of stored energy is released in this process.

Where does stage 2 (Oxidative respiration) occur?

In the mitochondria.

What are the two reactions that occur in Aerobic Oxidative Respiration?

Kreb Cycle and ETC.

What should I know about the Kreb Cycle?

**Byproduct:** CO2

**Found in:** Mitochondria

**Energy produced:** 2 ATP

What should I know about ETC (Electron Transport Chain)?

**Byproduct:** Water

**Found in:** Mitochondria

**Energy produced:** 34 ATP

How much energy is produced in total by cellular respiration?

38 ATP.

Fermentation occurs after glycolysis when:

Oxygen is not present or the organism has no mitochondria.

What are the types of fermentation?

Lactic acid and alcoholic (ethanol).

Where does lactic acid fermentation occur and how much energy does it produce?

It occurs in the muscles, and it produces 2 ATP.

Where does alcoholic fermentation occur and how much energy does it produce?

It occurs in yeast, some bacteria, and plants, and it produces 2 ATP.

Why is aerobic respiration preferred over fermentation?

Aerobic respiration is preferred because it produces more ATP.

Why is Earth called a “closed system”?

 The elements used on the planet do not leave the system, they just cycle through in various forms.

What is the biosphere?

This sphere contains all living organisms.

What is the hydrosphere?

This sphere contains all water sources.

What is the atmosphere?

This sphere contains gasses like carbon dioxide and oxygen, etc.

What is the geosphere?

This sphere contains rocks, land/dirt, and clay.

What is combustion?

The process of burning things, especially fossil fuels.

What is a system?

A set of things working together as parts of a mechanism or an interconnecting network.

What are the parts of system?

Components, boundaries, inputs, and outputs.

What is ecology?

The study of relations of organisms to one another and to their physical environment.

What is ecosystem?

A community of living organisms that live, feed, reproduce and interact in their physical environment

What are abiotic components?

The nonliving things inside an environment.

What are biotic components?

The living things inside an environment.

What is biodiversity?

The variety of life in the world or a particular habitat/ecosystem.

Why is biodiversity important?

All species are better able to adapt to change if there are lots of producers, consumers and decomposers.

What are producers?

Make or produce their own food (photosynthesis and chemosynthesis).

What are consumers?

Consume or eat other plants and animals to obtain their energy.

What are decomposers?

Consume dead plants and animals and break them down into nutrients that are released into the soil.

Herbivores eat _____*,*__ while carnivores eat *___*, and omnivores eat ___.

plants; meat; both

What is a community?

A group of organisms of different species growing or living together in a specified habitat.

A population is…

All the organisms of a given species that live in a particular area.

What is a food chain?

A hierarchical series of organisms each dependent on the next as a source of food.

What is a food web?

A system of interlocking and interdependent food chains.

What is the purpose of an energy pyramid?

Showing the flow of energy at each trophic level of a food chain.

Where does the most energy come from?

The sun.

What is the 10% rule with energy?

As energy transfers up the pyramid, 10% of the energy is lost as heat with each trophic level.

What is a Trophic Cascade?

The addition/removal of a species which triggers a domino effect in an ecosystem.

What are Keystone Species?

Species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend on.

What is Carrying Capacity?

The maximum number of individuals of a species in an environment that  can support in the long term

What are limiting factors?

Anything that constrains a population's size and slows or stops it from growing.

What is symbiosis?

An evolved interaction between two different species usually with benefits to one or both of the individuals.

Commensalism is…

An interaction between two organisms in which one benefits and the other receives no benefit nor harm.

Parasitism is…

A relationship between species, where one organisms lives on or in another organ and causes it harm or death.

Mutualism is…

A relationship between two different species of organisms where each gains benefits from the other species.

What are invasive species?

A non-native species that is introduced to and negatively alters its new environment.

What is homeostasis?

The state of steady internal physical and chemical conditions maintained by ANY living system. (Equilibrium)

What is the function of the heart/circulatory system?

Pumping oxygenated blood throughout the body.

What is the function of the kidneys/excretory system?

To cleanse the blood of toxins and transform the waste into urine.

What is the function of the lungs/respiratory system?

To move fresh air into the body and remove waste gas.

What is the function of the pancreas/digestive and endocrine system?

Controls blood sugar levels (releases insulin to lower, and glucagon to increase) and breaks down food.

What is an endotherm?

A warm blooded animal that can regulate its own body temperature.

What is an ectotherm?

A cold blooded animal that cannot regulate its own body temperature and uses the environment instead.

What are feedback loops?

Functions ordered by the brain to bring the body system back into homeostasis.

Positive feedback loops occur when…

A potential dangerous OR stressful process must be completed quickly before homeostasis can be restored.