KIN 3502 EXAM 2

physical activity

any bodily movements produced by skeletal muscles that result in energy expenditure (Casperson et al, 1985)

structured PA

exercise, planned, Purpose: increasing health

unstructured PA

NOT planned, daily living, home life/ transport

occupational

mode of PA, work or job related (on feet for 8 hours, mail man walking crib to crib)

domestic

mode of PA, housework, yard work, child care, chores

(vacuuming your house)

transportation

mode for PA, walking, biking, stair climbing (riding bike to work)

leisure time

freely disposable time, walk, swim, meditate, read, games, dancing (go for bike ride w friends)

light intensity

intensity of PA, 55-64% max heart rate, slow walk, sitting, stand w minor effort

moderate intensity

intensity of PA, 65-74% max heart rate, brisk walk, dancing, gardening, housework, hunting, games, walk animals, building, carrying

vigorous intensity

intensity of PA, 75-90% max heart rate, run, walk, climb up hill, fast cycling, aerobics, swimming, gym, shovel/dig, competitive sports or games, carry >20kg

type

dimension of PA, lifestyle, active aerobics, sports or recreation, flexibility, strength, muscular endurance

frequency

dimension of PA, # of times per week, most days of week (5)

intensity

dimension of PA, how much effort required: light mod vig

measured by:talk test, perceived exertion (RPE), target HR, METs)

duration

how long engaged in, 30mins mod-vig recommended by NPAGA

2018 adult guidelines

move more sit less, some PA better than none

for health benefits: 150 mins - 300 mins MOD or

75=150 mins VIG or sum combination (+ muscle strength activities)

2018 older adult guidelines

BALANCE TRAINING, multicomponent PA, aerobic + muscle strengthening

if not 150 mind mod then as much as abilities allow

benefits of PA

increased muscle mass, cardiorespiratory health, bone mass

weight maintenance

measurements of PA

subjective/questionnaire + objective = ?

subjective questionnaires

global, short recall, quantitative history, PA log/diary

global questionnaire

quick, limited amnt of questions, large studies

criterion opposed to normative

EX: past week how many days have you had total 60 mins enough to increase breathing rate?

short recall questionnaire

quick, 7-12 questions

assess VOLUME of activity (intensity and duration)

help establish proportional of ppl meeting guidelines

epidemiological, surveillance studies

EX: international PA questionnaire

quantitative history

longer, detailed questions, 20-60

assess prior month yr decade lifetime

MOST susceptible to RECALL BIAS due to time length

examine effects of PA on morbidity and mortality (how we got here)

EX: bone loading history questionnaire

PA log/diary

very detailed, hr b y hr w objective help

time intensity rating mode/type of activity

capture ALL activity

EX: bouchard PA record

objective measurements

indirect calorimetry, doubly labeled water, direct observation, heart rate monitor, accelerometer

indirect calorimetry

measure ventilatory volume, oxygen + CO2 produced

best measure: lab, HIGHLY accurate and reliable

expensive, technician, short duration

doubly labeled water

measure energy expenditure, 1-3 weeks, isotopes ingested in H20, elimination of 2 isotopes examines greatly help advanced of understanding of PA, GOLD STANDARD MEASURE, expensive, technician, specialized equipment

direct observation

contextual info (aside from PA) high burden for researchers (time, training), if yk you being watch you could change behavior, focus on future labs, child populations common

heart rate monitor

more practical and feasible, not best @ low intensity (rate influenced, caffeine, upper body movementments more than lowe) slight delay btwn intensity of activity + heart rate (warm up)

accelerometer

waist, thighs, wrist ankle, capture frequency duration and intensity in 1→ 3 planes, expensive, researcher make many decisions that can impact so objective really?

LOWEST BURDEN FOR RESEARCHER

pedometer

waist or wrist, easy, 10k steps MYTH, cheap, determine intensity require a bit more work

BEST way to relay info to public

adult PA guidelines

150 minimum mins for adults, 2 days strength training

65+ age balance training incorporated

6-7 days of mod vig PA ( brisk walk)

30 mins→ 1hr 30mins of mod vig PA

children PA guidelines

infants, preschoolers, school aged children

infants

active throughout day (floor play, 30 mins of tummy time cna increase strength)

preschoolers

active play + instructional time, bone strengthening activities

3 hours of activity @ any intensity

60 mins should be MVPA, activity occur throughout day

school aged children

60 mins MVPA day, 420 MVPA week → min 180

muscle + bone strengthening activities

children PA types

aerobic, muscle strengthening, bone strengthening

(NOT balance)

24 hour movement guidelines

60 mins MVPA (move more)

8-11 hours sleep (higher amount @ younger ages)

sports

all are PA , but not all PA is a

youth sports

40% globe, higher rates in wealthier countries (>70%)

sport equates to 23-58% of MVPA

12-24% drop out, girls 6X more, health consequences

measuring PA in children

scale, pedometer, eye test, direct observation

BEACHES

children at home/ elsewhere

SOFIT

PE and instructional classes

SOCARP

individuals on playgrounds

SOPLAY

group behavior at leisure/school

SOPARC

group behavior in parks and communities

SOPARNA

group behavior in wilderness areas

rosenthal effects

reactive effect, researcher bias, HALO

experimenters expect/anticipate certain participants to perform better than others

hawthorne effects

reactive effect, participant bias

participants performance change when being watches/attention paid on them

health related fitness

maintenance of physical capacities related to good or improved health + necessary for performing daily activities and confronting un/expected challenges

cardiorespiratory, body composition, muscular fitness

physical fitness

set of attributes that people gave or achieve that relate to ability to perform PA, NOT health related

attribute, behavior

fitness= PA=

cardiorespiratory fitness

body ability to extract and use oxygen that permit continuous exercise, physical work or activities

muscular fitness

muscular strength and endurance

muscular strength

force generated by CONTRACT

muscular endurance

ability to perform continuous muscular work

body composition

physical makeup of body: weight, lean and fat weight

flexibility

range of motion of joint or group of joints

measuring cardiorespiratory endurance

aerobic power, VO2 max

aerobic power

ability to supply oxygen to working muscles during PA

VO2 max

rate of oxygen uptake during max exercise

mL\* kg\* min, max oxygen consumption

must be reliable, valid measure of cardiorespiratory endurance

avg sedentary

35 mL\* kg\* min

avg elite endurance athlete

70 mL\* kg\* min

highest female vo2

78\.6 mL\* kg\* min, 1984 olympic marathon

highest male vo2

97\.5 mL\* kg\* min, 18 y/o cyclist

untrained college males

42-45 mL\* kg\* min

variables influencing CRE/measurement

genetics, exercise, age, gender, temperature, humidity, altitude, emotional conditions, loss of sleep, mode of exercise, body fat level, running efficiency, motivation, digestion, muscular fiber composition

measuring vo2 max

plateau in oxygen consumption despite increase in work load

vo2peak

highest rate of oxygen consumption measured by exercise test

RER greater than 1.1

ymca physical fitness test battery

easily adaptable to many adult PF tests

height weight, body composition, cardiorespiratory endurance =, flexibility, muscular fitness

canadian standardized test of fitness

canadian fitness survey (1981) understanding of fitness level of canadian population

resting heart rate, resting blood pressure, body composition (skinfolds), cardiorespiratory endurance, upper body strength and endurance

presidents challenge, adult fitness test

online adult fitness self test (2008), self administered

aerobic fitness, body composition, muscular fitness, flexibility

PCFSN

presidents council on fitness and nutrition

begin presidential youth fitness program in 2013, school based, adoption of copper institute fitness assessment

AAHPER

american alliance of health, PE and REC

pull up for boys, flexed arm hang for girls, 1 min sit up test, 600 yd run, shuttle run, standing long jump, 50 yd dash

national school population fitness survey

performance in 1985 similar to 1975, low level of performance not vary a lot

national children and youth fitness study

skinfold measurements in 1985 significantly greater from 1960s

motor fitness

athletic fitness, related to sport performance

AAHPER

fitnessgram

national youth fitness battery

PACER, skinfold, curl up, trunk lift, 90 degree push ups

PACER

progressive aerobic cardiovascular endurance run

measure aerobic capacity, run as long as possible (20m) w pace increasing, recorded score = total # of laps

activitygram

assessment of PA developed by cooper institute to accompany fitnessgram

2 approaches: fitnessgram PA questionnaire and previous day PA recall

enhancing reliable and valid fitness test results w children

attain adequate knowledge of test descriptions

develop good student and teacher preparation thru trials

give proper demonstrations and instructions

conduct reliability studies

brockport fitness test

developed for youth w various disabilities age 10-17

institute of medicine

which institute made recommendations for youth fitness assessments and the 2 main goals:

assess relations btwn youth fitness items and health outcome

recommend best fitness test for use in national fitness surveys and fitness testing in school

flexibility

range of motion of joint or group of joints

range of motion

amount of available motion, arch of motion occur @ specific joint, zero degree flexion, extension, abduction and adduction

gliding joints, saddle, ball and socket

active rom

motion achieved by client w/o assistance

passive rom

motion achieved by examiner w/o assistance

goals of flexibility

ability to move body parts thru wide ROM w/o strain

crucial for lengthening muscles that too tight

100s of joints in human body w diff lvls of flexibility

maintain reasonable degree necessary for efficient moving

agonist

bicep contracting

antagonist

bicep relaxes

improved physical function

daily + occupational activities easier performance in sport and recreation enhanced reduced risk of injury

improved health and wellness

improved posture and back health (hamstrings, hip flexor muscles) some have reduced joint pain

hereditary

affect flexibility, inherited anatomical differences influence flexibility from small ROM → hypermobility

sex

affect flexibility, females tend to be more flexible than males

age

affect flexibility, younger ppl tend to be more flexible than older people

measuring flexibility

laboratory method: goniometry, visual estimation, radiography, trigonometry, linear measurements

field method: trunk flexion test (sit and reach)

trunk extension

radiograpahy

most reliable and valid method to measure flexibility

limited feasibility because of radiation exposure

photography

visualizing knee in 20 plane simplifies measurements

permanent record of assessments, proper training critical

goniometry

protractor instrument measure joint angle @ both extremes in total range of movement

can be reliable and valid if properly testes, hamstring r>.90

sit and reach

trunk FLEXION, most widely used flexibility test

valid to measure hamstring flexibility

highly reliable (r>.90) poorly correlated w lower back flexibility

trunk extension

little research done on valid field measure of trunk extension, no reliability and validity information on test