VCU DPT - Lifespan 2 (Age Related Tissues Part 2: NM, CV, Pulm, Immune, Senses)

some age related changes with skeletal mm includes:

a) ____ capillary density

b) ______ mitochondrial density

c) ______ elastin

decreased x3

some age related changes with skeletal mm includes:

muscle fibers having ______ quality, CSA, length

WORSE

impact of aging on type 2 fibers?

they decrease

with aging, does muscle....

a) lose type 2 fibers?

b) increase non contractile tissue?

c) increase in cross sectional area?

a) Y

b) Y

c) N

as we age, what happens to the SIZE and NUMBER of motor units

bigger size

smaller number

as we age, we may see a _______ in lean muscle mass

- has implications on force production, power, susceptibility to injury, stiffness

decrease

decrease in force production and power

increase in injury susceptibility, stiffness

degree of change and impact on function varies on:

responsive to exercise!!!

also sex, between mm, hormones, nutrition

LOT OF HETEROGENITY

name some benefits of older adults doing resistance training

increase muscle size, shift in fibers to type 2

better balance

more mobility

more power

more strength

what is sarcopenia

muscle failure with worse strength, mass, fn of mm

have higher risk as we get older

exacerbated age realted NM changes

decreases estrogen/testosterone/growth hormone

increased inflammation and stress

nutrition deficits

diseases

decreased activity and sedentary lifestyle

THESE ALL CONTRIBUTE TO WHAT

sacropenia

what is diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia

tools to measure

mm mass is more than 2 std dev below a healthy reference

DEXA, MRI

SARC-F questionnaire is a clinical tool to help with _____________ dx

a score greater or equal to _____ suggests more assessment needed

it has _____ specificity, ______ sensitivity

- means what?

SARC-F questionnaire is a clinical tool to help with SARCOPENIA dx

a score greater or equal to FOUR suggests more assessment needed

it has HIGH specificity, LOW sensitivity

- means GOOD AT RULING IN

3 components to sarcopenia care plan:

progressive resistance exercise

nutritional intervention

hormonal supplementation

myotonic dystrophy type 2

cachexia

osteosarcopenia (osteoporosis + sarcopenia_

osteosarcopenic obesity

these, with sarcopenia, are all WHAT

muscle wasting diseases

CV system expected age related changes:

a) _________ SA node cell number

b) ______ myocardium stiffness

c) ___________ valve thickness

decreased

increased

increased

heart pumps weaker and is thicker now making it inherently harder

what is age expected changes to CV system with aging:

_____ thickness of capillary basement membrane

results in decreased ______ extraction to mm

increased

oxygen

THE WALL IS THICKER LIMITING OXYGEN GETTING THROUGH

how does BP change as we age

decreased sensitivity, more stimulus for BP change

prolonged vasocontriction and limited vasodilation leads to systolic being higher

how do we expect VO2max to change as we age

- max HR?

- stroke volume?

- AVO2 diff?

decrease X4

as we age, the following changes in what way:

max HR

max SV

max CO

decreases

stays same

decreases

CO = hr * sv

Vo2 max = CO * __________

age change?

AVO2diff

they all decrease

- CO decreases as max Hr decreases

- AVO2diff decreases as basement membrane thickens, making oxygen harder to get across

- VO2 decreases as its two factors decrease

what is the correlation between age and VO2max?

regular physical activity is assocaited with higher fitness when?

as we get older it gets lower

across lifespan

why does systolic BP increase as we age

there is higher afterload and peripheral resistance

also, LV hypertrophies

is it true to see higher rates of cardiovascular disease, including but not limited to HTN, as we age

yes

elevated blood lipids, DM, HTN are risk factors for what

CVD

t/f: the benefits of moderate-vigorous activity outweigh the risk for our Cv system

TRue

can Vo2max increase in older, sedentary adults with exercise

it can

optimal training factors for older, sedentrary adults

longer than 20 weeks in duration

60-70% VO2max

can Vo2max increase in individuals with..

a) no chronic conditions

b) chronic conditions

yes

yes

in doing CV system training with older adults, the risk of adverse affect is _____ comapred to benefit

minimal

should you limit intensity based on age

NO

what are some exercise consideration with older adults, regarding CV system

remain aware of med effects

- blunted HR

- orthostatic hypotension

monitor exercise response

monitor BP/HR

extended warmup and cooldown times

what are some age expected changes in the airways (pulmonary system)

a) ____ rigidity of trachea/bronchi

b) _________ elasticity and contractility in bronchioles

c) _______ cilia

decreased all

what are some age expected changes to lung tissue

increased compliance, less recoil, larger mucus layer

what are some age expected cahnges to alveoli

larger size, smaller area, worse capillary interface, less gas exchange

some age changes with the ribcage and respiratory muscles

a) strength contractile proteins

b) capillary density

c) thoracic cage mobility

d) connective tissue

a) lower

b) less

c) less

d) more in the tissue

some age expected changes to pulmonary system:

a) ___ work required

b) ____ V/P ratio

c) _____ respiratory rate

d) _____ O2 sats

more

decreased

increased

decreased

explain the problem with COPD

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

- progressive airflow limitation

- limited gas exchange

emphysema and chronic bronchitis are __(obstructive/restrictive)___

obstructive

what is the issue with restrictive problems

can not get air in

pulmonary fibrosis is __(obstructive/restrictive)____

restrictive

expected age related changes with immune system

a) _________ baseline systemic inflammation

b) _______ risk of infection

c) _______ ability to ID pathology

d) ________ response to pathology

a) increase

b) increase

c) decrease

d) decrease

endocrine/metabolic systems:

we expect to see what

lowered hormone production

decreased target tissue response

feedback regulation is disrupted

endocrine/metabolic systems:

T/F: these systems impact...

- bone and muscle mass

- thermoregulation

- dehdyration

- metabolism

can exercise help?????

TRUE

yes

what are some nervous system changes we should see:

1. brain

a. volume

b. number of axons

c. conduction velocity

2.

a. reaction time

b. short term memory

c. reflexes

d. balance

e. task completion

1.

a. decrease

b. decrease

c. slow

2.

a. slow

b. decrease

c. decrease

d. decrease

e. NOT IMPACT IT

does vestibular system get impacted with againg?

yes

otoconia degenerate, there is a loss of hair cell count

otholithc membrane calcifies

less senstivity

nervous system: movement disorders include

PD

how does vision change as we age

lens gets stiffer, contrast gets worse, worse depth perception

why do older people have farsightedness

the lens stiffens

macular degeneration is a loss of _______ vision

central

glaucoma is a loss of _______ vision

peripheral

the lens thickens, leading to __________

cataracts

diabetic retinopathy is when _________ are destroyed in the retina

blood vessels

what are some potential impact on vision as we age

difficulty at driving (especially at night with contrast)

fall risk (can not see contrast, far sighted)

communications considerations (education, HEP)

conductive hearing loss is for ____(outer and middle ear/inner ear and CN8 dysfn)_______

sensorineural hearing loss is for ____(outer and middle ear/inner ear and CN8 dysfn)_______

outer and middle ear

inner ear and CN8 dysfn

_______ hearing loss is....

- lowered transmission to inner ear

- caused by cerumen, osteosclerosis, tympanic membrane rupture, middle ear fluid

- lowered ability to hear low volume

conductive (outer and middle ear)

______ hearing loss is....

- decreased transmission to CNs

- decreased ability to hear high pitch

sensorineural

presbycusis is an auditory system problem in which

- decreased ______________ and ______ in cochlea

- ____ term noise exposure is a risk

- ___ pitch frequencies more affected

enviro mod needed, and hearing aids

- hair cells and neurons

- long

- high

decreased socialization

higher risk of dementia

decreased cognitive decline

more falls and mobility difficluty

ARE ALL RELATED TO WHAT

hearing loss

age realted hearing loss is a high risk factor for WHAT cognitive disease

dementia

why are taste and smell impairments an issue with older adults

have decreased intake due to less interest in food

higher amount of flavor needed to detect prescene

- lead to excess salt

might also eat expired food

is balance affected with age

yes

- vision

- vestbular

- proprioception maybe even!