Herbert S. Klein and Ben Vinson III, ‘African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean’

What did many believe the Haitian Revolution would create for Brazil?

“Create a new era for the expansion for Brazilian sugar”

What were the immediate consequences of the Haitian Revolution (1791–1804) for sugar producers?

It created “an incentive to the expansion and growth of new slave and plantation regimes” in Jamaica, Brazil, Cuba, and Puerto Rico

How did global sugar production respond between 1791–1805?

Jamaica, Brazil, Cuba, and Puerto Rico more than doubled their sugar outputs

What happened to Saint-Domingue’s sugar and coffee output post-revolution?

By 1804, sugar fell to ⅓ and coffee to ½ of 1791 levels

How significant was Saint-Domingue in global sugar production in the 1780s?

It produced 30% of the world’s sugar, twice as much as its nearest rival

What caused the rise in global sugar prices in the early 1800s?

“The elimination of the world’s largest sugar economy” in Saint-Domingue

What triggered a dramatic increase in Cuban slave imports in 1763?

British occupation during the Seven Years’ War, during which 10,700 enslaved Africans were imported in just 5 months—five times the annual Spanish quota

In five monthes of British occupation of Cuba during the 7 Years’ War, how many enslaved Africans did Britain import to Cuba?

10,700 enslaved Africans were imported in just 5 months—five times the annual Spanish quota

How did Cuba’s enslaved population change in the 18th century?

From ~10,000 at start of century to 40,000 mid-century, then 65,000 by the 1780s

What was Cuba’s sugar output and slave labor force by the late 1780s?

14,500 metric tonnes of sugar, with 25,000 enslaved workers

What did Klein and Vinson say about Cuba on the eve of the Haitian Revolution?

“Cuba was well on its way to emerging as the major slave island in the Caribbean”

Which historians argued that “Cuba was well on its way to emerging as the major slave island in the Caribbean”?

Klein and Vinson

How much of the global sugar market did Cuba control by the 1810s?

12%

When did Cuba match Jamaica’s sugar output?

In the early 1830s

By 1840, how dominant was Cuba in sugar production?

Became the world’s largest producer, exporting over 161,000 tons, or 21% of world production

What was Cuba’s sugar production at its peak in 1870?

702,000 tons, or 41% of global output—a 19th-century record

What was Cuba’s coffee export volume by the 1810s and 1820s?

14,000 metric tons in the 1810s and 20,000 in the 1820s

What was the size of Cuba’s coffee sector by the late 1830s?

Over 2,000 plantations, employing 50,000 slaves—about equal to sugar sector

What caused Cuba to displace Jamaica in the coffee trade?

The abolition of slavery in Jamaica in 1834

What made Cuba demographically unique in the Caribbean?

White population accounted for more than ½ of the population by the 1860s

By the 1870s, what milestone did freedmen reach in Cuba?

Freedmen population surpassed enslaved population, reaching 272,000

What share of Cuba’s working population were enslaved by the 1870s?

Just ⅓

Just ⅓.

Only 12% of urban and 9% of rural whites held slaves—much lower than in the U.S. or Brazil

What transport innovation did Cuba introduce in 1838?

First railway in Latin America and the Caribbean

How much more productive was a steam-driven mill in 1860?

Produced 1,176 tons, 9x more than traditional mills

What effect did mechanisation have on labor demand?

Increased need for unskilled labor, including slaves and imported workers

What labor strategies did Cuban planters adopt in the 1840s?

Began importing enslaved Mayan Indians and Chinese coolies

How many Chinese and Yucatán Indians were working in Cuba by 1862?

34,000 Chinese and 700 Yucatán Indians

How did Cuban labor structure evolve by the 1860s?

A “mixed slave and indentured labor force” emerged on large estates

Despite diversification, who remained the core of sugar labor?

“Slaves still remained the basic labour power of the sugar industry”

Where did free African populations grow most in Latin America?

In Panama (half of population) and Mexico (over 100,000 free Africans)

What major step did the French West Indies take in 1789?

Sent elected reps to the French Parliament

What did white colonists in Saint-Domingue reject in 1791?

The right of free coloreds to vote, despite approval by the Estates-General

When did the slave revolt begin in Saint-Domingue?

August 1791

What were the outcomes of the early months of the Saint-Domingue uprising?

2,000 whites killed, 1,000 plantations destroyed, 10,000 slaves dead

What key city did the slaves capture in 1793?

Cap-François