UCSP Midterms

Nationality

Nationality

the identity that is tied to being part of a nation or country - a "group of people who share the same history, traditions, and language" and who inhabits a particular territory delineated by a political border and controlled by the government.

Ethnic groups

shared specific environments, traditions, and histories that are not necessarily subscribed to by the mainstream culture.

Gender
Socioeconomic class (social class and economic status)
political identity
religion.

SOCIAL DIFFERENCES

Gender

According to the World Health Organization (2013), gender "refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviors, activities, and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women."

Heterosexual
Homosexual

2 Types of Gender

Heterosexual

sexually attracted to a person of the opposite sex.

Homosexual

sexually attracted to a person of the same sex.

Gay

romantically and sexually attracted to another male

Lesbian

romantically and sexually attracted to another female.

Bisexual

attracted to both sexes.

Asexual

incapable of being attracted to any sex.

Polysexual

attracted to multiple types of gender.

Pansexual

accommodate all types of gender.

Transgender

gender identities do not match their biological identity as male or female.

Transsexual

sexual orientation is not related to their genitalia.

Income, value of assets and savings, cultural interests and hobbies, and economic status.

Indicators of Social Class

Mahirap, medyo mayaman, sakto lang, mayaman, and the like.

Social status in PH

POLITICAL IDENTITY

Refers to the set of attitudes and practices that an individual adheres to in relation to the political systems and actors within his or her society.

Political Identity

organization that supports our rights as an individual

Ang ladlad
Kabataan

Political parties in PH, e.g.:

Ang ladlad

negotiate for the welfare of the LGBTQI community.

Kabataan

promotes youth empowerment.

Monotheistic

believing in the existence of one god.

Polytheistic

believing in the existence of multiple gods.

EXCEPTIONALITY/NON-EXEPTIONALITY

It leans of the non-average capacity of an individual who do not conforms to the behavioral or cognitive norms.
PWD's, special or gifted child, senior citizen, etc.

Ethnocentrism
Cultural relativism
Race
Ethno-biological background
racism
racial slurs
biological Egalitarianism

Cultural Variation

Ethnocentrism

is a perspective that promotes an individual's culture as the most efficient and superior.

Ethnocentrism

Feels that his or her culture is the most appropriate as compared with other cultures.

Cultural relativism

culture must be understood in the context of their locality.

Race

human traits and characteristics. Skin color, size of skull, body frame, and other physical characteristics.

Caucasoid
Australoid
Mongoloid
Negroid

Categories of race

white-american

Caucasoid

australian

Australoid

asian

mongoloid

black-american

negroid

Ethno-biological background

mix culture or nationality.

Mestiza (Female)
Mestizo (Male)
Morena (Female)
Moreno (Male)

Ethno-biological background

Racism

is the belief that a particular race is superior or inferior to another, that a person's social and moral traits are predetermined by his or her inborn biological characteristics.

Racial Slurs

a racist term used against another person.

Racial Slurs

Paninira ng lahi

Biological Egalitarianism

promotes the equality out of biological makeup despite our ancestry.

Social Realities

realities that happen in our society

SOCIAL PHENOMENA

Are the individual, external, and social constructions that influence a person's life and development.

Food taboos
Istambay
Lagay system
Mañana habit
Same-sex partnership/relationship
Padrino system

Social Realities

Food Taboos

It is the act of prohibiting the consumption of certain food drinks. Some food may be prohibited during certain religious beliefs and period (Lenten season, Ramadan), at certain stages of life (pregnancy, sickness), or to certain classes of people (priests, infants).

Istambay

A Filipino term for "standby". This refers to a person who has nothing to do, or who is jobless or lazy or someone who does not make use of his time in productive and sensible activities.

Lagay system

the act of giving bribes to fast-track or fix applications to get what one wants at the earliest and fastest possible time.

Mañana habit

It refers to procrastination, the disposition of shelving off responsibility to another day, the tendency to escape from duty and obligation as much as possible
It is manifested in the expressions at saka na, mamaya na, or bukas na lang.

Same-sex partnership/relationship

is a relationship between persons of the same sex and can take many forms, from romantic and sexual, to non-romantic homosexually-close relationship.

Padrino system

or patronage in the Filipino culture and politics is the value system where one gains favor, promotion, or political appointment through family affiliation or friendship, as opposed to one's merit.

Social Dynamics

study of changes that happen in our society

Selfieing
Political Dynasty
Transnational families
youth volunteerism
Video gaming

Social Dynamics

Selfieing

A photo that you take of yourself usually for use in social media. Selfie refers to a version of self-portraiture which predominantly takes the form of a photograph taken by oneself on a smartphone or webcam.

Political Dynasty

A succession of rulers from the same family or line that maintains power for several generations.

Transnational families

are families who live apart but who create and retain a 'sense of collective welfare and unity, in short family hood", even across national borders' (Bryceson and Vuorela 2002).

Youth volunteerism

as the rule of donating time and energy for the welfare of people in the community as serious responsibility rather than for any material or financial reward.

Video gaming

a game played by electronically manipulating images produced by a computer program on a television screen or other display screen.

Sociology

the study of society and culture.

(Latin) Socius

that may variously mean society, association, togetherness or companionship

(Greek) Logos

speak about or word.

SOCIETY

A group of people who live within some type of bounded territory and who share a common way of life.

SOCIETY

A product of human interactions as humans subscribe to the rules of their culture. It is an organization that caters to a human's need for belongingness in a group.

AUGUSTE COMTE

The father of sociology
He believed society can be studied in the same way as the natural world... (Empirically)
He called sociology - social physics.

Theological
Metaphysical
Positive

three historical stages

Theological

relies on supernatural agencies to explain what man can't explain otherwise

Positive

because man now understands the scientific laws which control the world

SOCIETY AS A CONCEPT

a tool to grasp the complexity of the phenomenon it represents and a means to explore its many other dimensions hidden by its normative use.

SOCIETY AS A CONCEPT

represents an ideal type, which more or less depicts the form, process and dynamics of the social reality it embodies.

SOCIETY AS A FACTICITY

defined as constituting a fairly large number of people who are living in the same territory, and relatively independent of people outside their area, and participate in a common culture

SOCIETY AS A FACTICITY

Society is seen as an outcome of multiple interactions of people upon which succeeding interactions are made meaningful and possible.

the mechanics of operation of society as a factual entity

The twin concepts of social forces and social facts

Sociological imagination

refers to the ability of sociologist to understand society systematically. (C. Wright Mills, 1959)

Sociological imagination

This ability involves the process of detaching oneself from the common understanding of society and creates an alternative approach that would situate a behavior or an event within a great social framework.

Structural Functionalism
Social Conflict Theory
Symbolic Interactionalism

3 MAJOR THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES IN SOCIOLOGY

Structural Functionalism

explains how the relationships among the parts of society are created and how these parts are functional (meaning having beneficial consequences to the individual and the society) and dysfunctional (meaning having negative consequences).

Social Conflict Theory

sees society in a framework of class conflicts and focuses on the struggle for scarce resources by different groups in a given society. It focuses on class conflict, alienation, competition and domination.

Social Conflict Theory

The winner takes the rewards and is assured of freedom. Rather than emphasizing competition, this view sees conflict as something positive and advantageous.

Symbolic Interactionism

stresses the analysis of how our behaviors depend on how we define others and ourselves. It concentrates on process, rather than structure, and keeps the individual actor at the center. It focuses on symbols, processes, interaction and meaning.

Auguste Comte, French social sociologist (1798-1857)

He argued that sociology can and should study society and social phenomena following the pattern and procedures of the natural science.
He believed that a theoretical science of society and the systematic investigation of human behavior were needed to improve society.
Key concepts: Social Static and Social Dynamic

Karl Marx, German sociologist (1818-1883)

He argued that people should make active efforts to bring about societal reforms.
According to him, economic forces are the keys to underestimating society and social change.
He believed that the history of human society has been that of class conflict.
Key concepts: Social Conflict Theory, alienation, historical materialism

Harriet Martineau, British sociologist (1802-1876)

She was an active advocate of the abolition of slavery and she wrote on many crosscutting issues such as racial and gender relations.
She helped popularize the ideas and writings of Comte by translating them into English

Herbert Spencer, British Social Philosopher (1820-1903)

He viewed society as an organic system, having its own structure and functioning in ways analogous to the biological system.;
Lowest form ("barbarism"), highest form ("civilized");
Key concept: Social Darwinism

Social Darwinism

is the attempt to apply by analogy the evolutionary theories of plant and animal development to the explanation of human society and social phenomena.

Emile Durkheim, French sociologist (1858-1917)

Key concept: Social facts - he meant the patterns of behavior that characterize a social group in a given society distinct from biological and psychological facts. They should be studied objectively.

Max Weber, German sociologist (1864-1920)

He argues that we cannot understand human behavior by just looking at statistics. Every activity and behavior of people needs to be interpreted.
He argued that a sociologist must aim at what are called subjective meanings, the ways in which people interpret their own behavior or the meanings people attach their own behavior.
Key concept: Social action, Subjective meanings

Social action

refers to any "action oriented to influence or influenced by another person or persons. It is not necessary for more than one person to be physically present for action to be regarded as social action."

SOCIAL INTERACTION

Ways and means by which humans interact with each other within the confines of a society

SOCIAL INTERACTION

every human interchange that is within mutually subjective orientation. This implies that as long as the parties involved are aware of each other, interaction is possible.

Space is not an issue.
There can be multiple and simultaneous interactions.
A dialogue can have an active end and an inactive end.
Subjective positionality is present in any interaction.
The meaning we ascribe to the actions of others are informed by the values and norm that are upheld in our society.

Elements of social interaction

SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS

Refers to the interrelationship of parts of society.

Roles
Group
Institutions

Categories of status

Roles

a set of accepted behaviors that define the individual's responses and inclinations.

Group

a basic unit of an organization. It involves at least two individuals who are in constant interaction based on their statuses and roles.

Institutions

are established when roles, statutes, and groups are perpetuated within the context of a society. It is the building blocks of a society.

SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND AGENCY

This is the foundation of every society from which emanates the possible roles, statuses. Institutions, and organizations.
It is the determining factor by which every other part of a society gains its context.

Social Organization
Social Psychology
Social change and disorganization
Human ecology
Population or demography
Applied sociology

SIX SUBDISCIPLINES OF SOCIOLOGY

Social Organization

the study that involve social structures such as institutions, social groups, social stratification, social mobility, and ethnic groups.

Social Psychology

the study of the impact of group life to a person's nature and personality.

Social change and disorganization

inquires on the shift in social and cultural interactions and the interruption of it process through delinquency, deviance, and conflicts.

Human ecology

the study of human behavior to existing social institutions.