34. Diseases of the Ovaries

Abdominal Distension

A condition characterized by a swollen or bloated abdomen, often associated with ovarian diseases

CA-125

A cancer antigen used as a tumor marker that is frequently elevated in ovarian cancer.

Cystic Mass

A fluid-filled sac within the ovary that can vary in size and may be benign or malignant.

Functional Cysts

Ovarian cysts that develop normally as a part of the menstrual cycle, typically classified into follicular and luteal cysts.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

A common endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age characterized by anovulation and hyperandrogenism.

Anovulation

The absence of ovulation, often leading to infertility and hormonal imbalances.

Hyperandrogenism

Elevated levels of androgens in the body, which can lead to symptoms such as hirsutism.

Insulin Resistance

A condition where cells fail to respond to insulin effectively, often associated with obesity and PCOS.

Stromal Hyperplasia

The proliferation of stromal cells within the ovary, often seen in post-menopausal women.

Ovarian Stromal Hyperplasia (OSH)

A non-neoplastic condition characterized by the expansion of the ovarian stroma without luteinization.

Ovarian Hyperthecosis (OHT)

A non-neoplastic condition characterized by stromal hyperplasia associated with luteinized theca cells.

Ovarian Cancer

A type of cancer that originates in the ovaries, associated with high mortality due to late presentation.

Epithelial Tumors

A group of tumors derived from the ovarian surface epithelium, which can be benign, borderline, or malignant.

Serous Tumors

The most common type of ovarian tumor, typically cystic and classified into benign, borderline, and malignant types.

Mucinous Tumors

A type of ovarian epithelial tumor characterized by mucinous secretion, divided into benign, borderline, and malignant classifications.

Endometrioid Tumors

Ovarian tumors resembling endometrium, often associated with endometriosis.

Clear Cell Tumors

Rare ovarian tumors with clear cell types, generally associated with unique molecular genetic alterations.

Transitional Cell Tumors

Also known as Brenner tumors, these are benign ovarian tumors derived from urothelial metaplasia.

Teratomas

Germ cell tumors that contain tissues derived from different embryonic layers, categorized into mature, immature, and monodermal.

Dysgerminoma

A malignant germ cell tumor of the ovary, analogous to testicular seminoma.

Yolk Sac Tumor

A malignant germ cell tumor characterized by elevated levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP).

Choriocarcinoma

A highly malignant ovarian tumor with trophoblastic differentiation, often associated with elevated beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG).

Granulosa Cell Tumors

Ovarian sex-cord stromal tumors resembling granulosa cells, often hormone-secreting.

Fibrothecoma

Benign ovarian tumors composed of fibroblasts and theca cells, often associated with hormonal activity.

Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumors

A type of sex-cord stromal tumor characterized by Sertoli and Leydig cells, which may cause hormonal effects.

Meigs Syndrome

A condition associated with ovarian fibroma characterized by the triad of a pelvic mass, hydrothorax, and ascites.

Krukenberg Tumor

A secondary ovarian tumor, often a signet ring cell adenocarcinoma usually derived from gastric cancer.

LH/FSH Ratio

A measurement used in diagnosing PCOS, where an elevated ratio indicates an imbalance often present in affected women.

Ultrasonography

An imaging technique frequently used to detect ovarian cysts and tumors.

Pap Smear

A screening procedure for cervical cancer that may also identify gynecological conditions.

Histopathological Evaluation

Microscopic examination of tissue specimens to determine the type and severity of disease.

Cystadenoma

A benign ovarian tumor that forms a cyst with no evidence of invasion.

Adenocarcinoma

A malignant tumor that originates from glandular tissue, including ovarian tumors derived from epithelial cells.

Cytotrophoblastic Cells

Cells that form part of the placenta and can be present in ovarian tumors like choriocarcinoma.

Insulin Levels

Measurement of insulin concentration in the blood, which can be elevated in PCOS.

Testosterone Levels

Hormone levels measured in women, often elevated in conditions such as PCOS and ovarian tumors.