AP Biology - Unit 2 (Things I need to remember) | Mikah Nguyen

Cytoplasm

Jelly like substance in the cell membrane

Cytosol

Makes up cytoplasm (fluid part)

Chloroplast

Organelle that had chlorophyll and does photosynthesis

Cytophyll

Thylakoids in chloroplast contains, absorbs sunlight and turns to sugar

Cellulose

Makes up cell wal

Endomembrane System (composed of…)

a series of membranes within eukaryotic cells that compartmentalize cellular functions, including the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vesicles.

Endomembrane System (function…)

Function together to create environment for cellular processes + transportation of lipids and proteins

Peroxisomes

Organelles that break down fatty acids into smaller molecules to be used by the mitochondria +  detoxify harmful substances (Hydrogen)

Extracellular Matrix

Network of proteins (collagen and elastin) and glycoproteins to give structural support, and guide movement and communication

Plasmodesmata

Channels between plant cells (through cell wall) filled with cytosol that join the internal environments of 2 cells and enables movement of water + small solutes

Gap Junctions

Areas between animal cells that are joined together so that molecules are able to move between 2 cells + aids in coordination/communication

Desmosomes

Joins together 2 cell’s intermediate filaments + coordinates movement of cells (cells move together)

Tight Junctions

Tightly fuse the membranes of adjacent cells + seals space so molecules can not move and have fluid leakage

How is the fluidity of the cell membrane maintained

Hydrophobic interactions that are weak + cholesterol regulates

2 Membrane Proteins

Integral and peripheral proteins

Role of membrane proteins (6)

Transport, enzymatic activity, signal reception, cell recognition, intercellular joining, ahd attachment to the cytoskeleton + ECM

Hypertonic

Water outside cell has higher concentration, too much water flows out of cell + SHRIVELS

Hypotonic

Water outside cell has lower concentration than cell, more water flows into cell and BURSTS

Isotonic

No net movement of water, water diffuses at the same rate in both directions

Animal cells do best in what solution

Isotonic

Plant cells do best in what solution

Hypotonic (lots of water flows into the cell, has the cell wall to keep)

Proton Pump

Active transport protein that uses ATP to take H ion out of cell against their concentration gradient

Cotransport (Analogy)

(Co = coworkers helping each other)

Cotransport

Active transport where one substance moves down its concentration gradient and that movement provides the energy to drive another substance against its concentration gradient

Membrane Potential

Voltage/charge across membrane because of difference in ions and their charges (as they move inande out of the cell) — more ions = more negative