Santrock Child Development Chapter 1-4 test review

The three domains of child developem

Socioemotional, Cognitive and Physical

Prenatal

conception to birth

Infancy and toddlerhood

birth to 2 years

Early childhood

2 to 6 years

Middle childhood

6 to 11 years

Adolescence

11 to 18 years

Nature

A general term for the traits, capacities, and limitations that each individual inherits genetically from his or her parents at the moment of conception.

-In born, biological

Nurture

environmental influences that affect development after an individual is conceived.

-Physical and social world

Nature via Nurture

are our behaviors attributable mostly to our genes or our rearing environments?

Continuity vs. Discontinuity

the issues regarding whether development involves gradual, cumulative change or distinct stage

contnuity

cumulative change

discontinuity

distinct stages

Early vs. Later Experience

issue of the degree to which early experiences or later experiences are the key determinants of the child's development.

Context

the settings, influenced by historical, economic, social, and cultural factors, in which development occurs

culture

the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a group that are passed on from generation to generation

Ethnicity

a characteristic based on cultural heritage, nationality characteristics, race, religion, and language

socioeconomic status (SES)

a person's position within society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics

Gender

refers to the characteristics of people as males and females

resilience

the ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats

social policy

is a government's course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens

examples of social policies

-child labor laws to protect children

-federal child care funding during world war II

-head start and other war on poverty programs

-food stamps

- school lunch programs

-medicare

Freud's 3 parts of personality

id, ego, superego

id

present at birth

unconscious level and are guided by the pleasure principle

ego

emerges in early infancy

reality principle to manipulate situations, plan for future, solve problems and make decisions

superego

develops ages 3-6

guides behavior to follow the rules of society, parents or other authority figures

Erikson's Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development

individuals go through distinct, universal stages of development

Trust vs. Mistrust(Erikson)

Infancy 1st year

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt(Erikson)

Infancy (1 to 3 years)

Initiative vs. Guilt(Erikson)

Early childhood (Pre-schooler years 3 to 5 years)

Industry vs. Inferiority(Erikson)

Middle and late childhood (elementary school years, 6 years to puberty)

Indenity vs identity confusion(Erikson)

adolescence ( 10 to 20 years)

Intimacy vs. Isolation(Erikson)

early adulthood (20s, 30s)

Generativity vs. Stagnation(Erikson)

middle adulthood

Integrity vs. Despair (Erikson)

Late Adulthood (Late 60s and up)

Piaget's stages of cognitive development

children actively construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development

(sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational )

sensorimotor stage

Birth-2 years

Understands world through senses and actions

preoperational stage

~2 to ~7 years

represent the world with words and images. Symbolic thinking and go beyond the connection of sensory information and physical action

concrete operational stage

7 to 11

- concrete thinking

- can consider perspective of others

formal operational stage

11-15 years: use abstract and idealist thoughts, hypothetical-deductive reasoning

Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory

emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development

scaffolding

having a foundation

Pavlov's Classical Conditioning

a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to produce a response originally produced by another stimulus

Skinner's Operant Conditioning

consequences of a behavior produces changes in the probability of the behavior's occurrence

Behaviorism

the view that psychology should be objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes

Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory

is an environmental systems theory that focuses on five environmental systems

Macrosystem (Bronfenbrenner)

attitudes and ideologies of the culture

Exosystem (Bronfenbrenner)

links between a social setting in which the individuals does not have an active role and the individuals immediate conext

Ex: friends of family, neighbors, mass media

Mesosystem (Bronfenbrenner)

relations between microsystems or connections between contexts

Microsystem (Bronfenbrenner)

the setting in which the individual lives

Chronosystem (Bronfenbrenner)

The patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course, as well as socio-historical circumstances

scientifc method

an approach that can be used to obtain accurate information

descriptive research

a research design that has the purpose of observing and recording behavior

correlational research

design whose goal is to describe the strength of the relationship between two or more events or characteristics

experimental research

a carefully regulated procedure in which the researcher manipulates one or more variables that are believed to influence some other variable

control group

The participants in an experiment who are not exposed to the treatment variable, this is the comparison group

experimental group

The members of an experiment who are exposed to the treatment variable or manipulation by the researcher; represents the treatment group.

Independent Variable (IV)

the variable that a researcher actively manipulate to determine its effect on the dependent variable

Dependent Variable (DV)

the characteristics or response that is measure to determine the effect of the researchers manipulation

longitudinal approach

A research strategy in which the same individuals are studied over a period of time, usually several years or more.

cross sectional approach

a research strategy in which individuals of different ages are compared at one time

cohort effect

Effects due to a person's time of birth, era, or generation but not to actual age.

informed consent

all participants must know what their participation will involve and what risks might develop

Confidentiality

Researchers are responsible for keeping all of the data they gather on individuals completely confidential and, when possible, completely anonymous.

debriefing

After the study has been completed, the researchers should inform the participants of its purpose and the methods they used.

deception

ethical issue that researchers debate extensively

evolutionary psychology

emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and "survival of the fittest" in shaping behavior

Natutal Selection

favors behaviors that increase reproductive success

Chromosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

DNA

a complex molecule with a double helix shape that contains genetic information

genes

units of heredity information composed of DNA that helps cells to reproduce themselves and manufacture the proteins that maintain life

Meiosis

a specialized form of cell division that occurs to form eggs and sperm (or gametes)

gametes

sex cells (sperm and ovum)

Fertilization

a stage in reproduction when an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell, called a zygote

Zygote

a single cell formed through fertilization

-23 pairs of chromosomes

Monozygotic

one zygote that divides into two individuals

Dizygotic

two zygotes or fertilized ova

Genotype

a person's genetic heritage; the actual genetic material (in the DNA)

Phenotype

the way an individual's genotype is expressed in observed and measurable characteristics (what we can see)

Dominant genes

brown hair, farsightedness, and dimples

recessive genes

blond hair, nearsightedness, and freckles

X-linked inheritance

results when a mutated gene is carried on the X chromosome

Prenatal Diagnostic Tests

-Maternal blood screening

-Fetal MRI

-Ultrasound sonography

-Amniocentesis

-Fetal sex determination

-chorionic villus sampling

Infertility

inability to conceive a child after 12 months of regular intercourse without contraception

adoption

Social and legal process by which a parent-child relationship is established between persons unrelated at birth

behavior genetics

is the field that seeks to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development

twin study

A study in which the behavioral similarity of identical twins is compared with the behavioral similarity of fraternal twins.

adoption study

A study in which investigators seek to discover whether, in behavior and psychological characteristics, adopted children are more like their adoptive parents or more like their biological parents.

passive

Children inherit genetic tendencies from their parents,and parents also provide an environment that matches their own genetic tendencies.

evocative

The child's genetic tendencies elicit stimulation from the environment that supports a particular trait. Thus genes evoke Environmental support.

Active (niche-picking)

children actively seek out "niches" in their environment that reflect their own interests and talents and are thus in accord with their genotype

Epigenetics

study of the many ways environment alters genetic expression, beginning with methylation at conception and continuing lifelong

gene x environment (G x E) interaction

the interaction of a specific measured variation in the DNA and a specific measured aspect of the environment

Germinal Period

conception to end of 2nd week

the period of prenatal development that takes place in the first two weeks after conception

Embryo period

(3rd to 8th week)

-Cell differentiation; formation of major organs and systems begin

-Heart begins to beat; spinal cord and intestinal systems develop by end of period

Fetal Period

2nd month to birth

the prenatal period of development that begins after two months and lasts for seven months on average

teratogen

any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes

some teratogens

-prescription and nonprescription drug

-incompatible blood types

-environmental hazards

-infectious diseases

-nutritional deficiencies

-maternal diseases

-emotional states and stress

-maternal and paternal age

Alchol can lead to

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD)

First trimester

-organs, muscles, and nervous system organize

-external genitals are well-formed

second trimester

-mother can feel movements

-neurons form synapses at a rapid pace

-sensitivity to sound and light emerges