Anatomy test 1-3

sagittal plane

down the middle of the body

midsagital

equal sides

parisagittal

unequal sides

transverse

upper and lower half

frontal

anterior and posterior half

what is in the anterior cavities

thoracic, abdominal, pelvic

what is in the thoracic cavity

lungs, heart, thymus

what is in the abdominopelvic cavity

stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, gallbladder, urinary bladder

what is in the dorsal cavity

cranial and vertebral

visceral

closest to the organ (inner)p

parietal

farther from the organ (outer)

neutralization reaction

joining of an acid w a base making salt

Anything is organic if it has a carbon EXCEPT

carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide

monosaccharides

glucose, galactose, and fructose

disaccharides

sucrose, lactose,maltose

polysaccharides

starch, glycogen, cellulose

lipids

long energy storage, they have a glycerol back bone and 3 fatty acids (1:3 ratio)

what are the 3 ring lipids

1. cholesterol

2. testosterone

3. estrogen

what structure controls the shape of the amino acid (amino acid sequence)

primary structure

what determines a proteins secondary structure

hydrogen bonds (alpha helix or beta)

what determines a proteins tertiary structure

non hydrogen side chain interaction

what determines a proteins quaternary structure

subunits that come together to form the final shape

denaturation

unfolding of a protein by heat

what are nucleic acids made out of

nitrogen base, sugar, and phosphate group

lysosome

has enzymes that degrade any garbage that the cell has

nucleolus

contains the chromosomes that controls the cell

ER

tubes for transport (from the nucleus to the cell membrane)

Golgi app

packages and sends proteins

centrioles

make fibers, made up of microtubules, organization center for cell division

smooth ER

synthesizes hormones, regulates calcium levels

fibers that make up the cytoskeleton

1. microfilament

2. intermediate filament

3. microtubule

microfilament

made up of actin subunit

intermediate filament

made up of fibrous subunits

microtubule

made up of tubulin protein subunits

3 projections of the cell

1. microvilli

2. cilia

3. flangella

gap junctions

contains hollow canals

tight junction

made of interlocking junctional proteins (sealing the cells together)

desmosome

allows the membrane to adhere to each other

G1 : gap one phase

synthesis of proteins and enzymes that allow for synthesis

S: Synthesis phase

synthesis, double the amount of DNA

G2: gap 2

makes different enzymes to get ready for mitosis

when does cytokinesis start

the end of anaphase

interphase

see a nucleus

G0

the cell stays in interphase and is never divided again

prophase

lose the nuclear membrane, the chromosomes condense

metaphase

the chromosomes are lined up on the equator

anaphase

the sister chromatids get pulled back

telophase

the membrane starts to pinch off the cytoplasm from the two cells, the membrane forms

what are the DNA bases

adenine goes with thymine and guanine goes with cytosine

how many hydrogen bonds are between guanine and cytosine

3

What are the RNA bases

Adenine goes with uracil and cytosine goes with guanine

mRNA

messenger RNA, a copy of a gene

tRNA

transfer RNA, carries an amino acid on one of its end and bases on the other

rRNA

ribosomal RNA, coils up to make a ribosome

DNA replication

DNA strands are made, its a double helix, the two strands get pulled apart, 2 new strands are made

what are the steps to DNA replication

1. helicase unwinds and unzips the DNA molecule

2. DNA polymerase matches and adds bases to both sides

3. endonuclease proof reads new strand (looking for uracil)

4. exonuclease cuts out uracil and replaces it with thymine

5. ligase attaches the strands together

metastasis

the spread of cancer

neoplasm

new growth, a tumor has formed

2 parts to protein synthesis

1. transcription

2. translation

transcription

RNA polymerase puts the coded message on mRNA - leaves through the pore of the membrane 

Make a mRNA that is coded from the DNA and it leaves the nucleus 

translation

mRNA binds to a ribosome, tRNA brings each amino acid to form a polipeptide chain makes up a protein 

necrosis

cell death