Period 5

Popular Sovereignty

the residents of a U.S. territory should vote to decide whether to allow slavery in their area

Texas Independence

• American settlers in Mexican Texas rebelled forming the republic of texas

• annexed by US later

  • contributed to m/a war

Battle of the Alamo

• Mexican forces under Santa Anna overwhelmed Texas defenders (Crockett, Bowie, Travis)

• “Remember the Alamo!“

Mexican-American War

• 1846 - 1848

• driven by pres. James K. Polk after Texas Annexation

• led to Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

• ended M/A war

• Mexican Cession

• California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico

• rio grande = texas border

• slavery dispute

Wilmot Proviso

• failed 1846 proposal from David Wilmot

• wanted to ban slavery in any terrioty aquired from Mexico

• passed in the House, failed in Senate

• spurred Free Soil movement

Compromise of 1850

• tried to solve slavery issue

• 5 bills

  • California = free state

  • Utah and New Mexico = pop. sovereignty

  • banning slave trade, not slavery, in DC

  • settled Texas Boundry

  • stricter Fugitive Slave Act (North not happy)

Dred Scott v. Sandford

• AA are not citizens and cannot sue

• slaves were property protected by 5th

• Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional

Bleeding Kansas

pop. sovereignty

• pro slavery vs anti slavery clashes

John Brown’s Raid on Harpers Ferry

• tried to start slave rebellion

• seized federal arsenal

• armed enslaved people

• failed—he got executed :(

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

anti-slavery novel humanizing enslaved people, very popular

Kansas-Nebraska Act

• Stephen Douglas

• pop sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska—overturned Missouri Compromise

Civil War

• pro vs anti slavery

• April 12, 1861, to April 9, 1865

Fort Sumter

• first shots of Civil war

• April 12, 1861

• Confederates bombarded Union held fort

• Lincoln called for troups

• south secede

Role of border states

Crucial for Union—resources, manpower, political message of keeping Union unified

Advantages/Disadvantages

North

• manpower

• industry/railroads

• weak early generals

South

• familiar terrain

• superior military leaders

• smaller population/fewer resources

Emancipation Proclamation

freed all slaves in the South

Sherman’s March to the Sea

• devastating Union campaign led by William Sherman

• total war tactic

• 60k troops from Atlanta to Savannah

• destroyed infrastructure

Battles of Gettysburg and Vicksburg

• confederate losses

• Gettysburg = end of Lee’s invasion

• Vicksburg = Union control of Mississippi River

• both wins a day apart—shattered confederates

Appomattox

• end of civil war

• April 9, 1865

• Confederate Robert Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant

Assassination

• confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth

• Shoots Abe 5 days after war ends

• nation mourns

Copperheads, carpetbaggers, scalawags

• political factions after the civil war

Copperheads

Northern Democrats opposing the war

Carpetbaggers

Northerners moving South for opportunity during Reconstruction

Scalawags

white Southerners who supported Reconstruction and the Republican Party, often seen as traitors by other Southerners.

Reconstruction

• post Civil-war

• rebuilding south

• reintegrating Confederate states

• defining rights of AA (13th (slavery), 14th (citizen), 15th (voting) amendments)

Plans: Radical Republicans, Andrew Johnson

• Andrew Johnson—lenient and quick with little federal intervention

• Radical Republicans—strict terms, federal protection, restructuring of Southern society

Black codes

laws passed to limit freedom of former enslaved

Military Reconstruction

• Congress divided South into 5 military districts

• placed under Union generals

• required new state constitutions guaranteeing Black male suffrage & civil rights for readmission to Union

Freedmen’s Bureau

• agency providing aid to newly freed AA

• faced political opposition especially from Johnson

Johnson’s Impeachment

• defied Tenure of Office Act

  • prevented removal of office-holders without Senate approval

• removed Secretary of War Edwin Stanton

Compromise of 1877 & End of Reconstruction

• informal end to reconstruction

• Democrats accept Republican Rutherford B. Hayes as President

• Republicans withdrawing Fed troops from south

Jim Crow laws

enforced racial segregation and doscrimination