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What were the major characteristics of Medieval European Society?
Small cities, Manorialisms, Serfdom, Feudalism, Struggle between king and nobles, Competition between kingdoms, Monolithic Roman Catholicism
What where three movements that began to change Medieval Society?
Revival of long-distance trade from 1000-1200, The Crusades, Scholastic revival of Greek Philosophy
Why was Italy politically fragmented in the 14th century?
Geography favored merchants, Black Death, Political exhaustion of the Holy Roman Empire, Religious disputes in the Great Schism
What are the three reason that the Renaissance began in Italy?
Greater circulation of ideas, merchant involvement in politics, Emphasis on individualism
What became the central value of the Renaissance?
Renaissance humanism
What writers are considered to be the pioneers of the Renaissance?
Dante Alighieri, Francesco Petrarch
What is one significant fact about Leonardo da Vinci?
Painted the last supper
In what way does Machiavelli break from biblical teaching about leadership?
He advises choosing fear over love, ruling for the sake of keeping the throne and not as a servant leader whose most important goal is to help his/her people
What was special interest for artists of the northern Renaissance, in contrast to the Italian Renaissance?
Human dignity and social reform
How did Johann Gutenberg revolutionize the world of ideas in the mid-1400s?
Movable type printing press
What impact did the invention of the printing press have on European society?
Books could be printed quickly and became less expensive and allowing them to learn how to read
What is a later political impact of the Renaissance belief in the dignity of the individual?
Democracy
What is the term for a pardon releasing a person from punishment for sin?
Indulgences
Upon what three doctrines did Martin Luther call from the church reform?
Bible is the ultimate authority, people could be saved by God's grace alone, all christians have equal access to God
Why did Henry Ⅷ secede from the Catholic Church and set up the Anglican Church?
Pope refused to annul the marriage and made his own church so he can divorce her
In what 1555 agreement was it decided that the religion of the people of each German state would be decided by its ruler?
Peace of Augsbury
What type of government is led by religious officials?
Theocracy
Who was one of the leaders of a theocracy in Geneva and inspired Puritans and Presbyterians?
John Calvin
What is the term for the members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius of Loyola?
Jesuits
What was the secret of the Ottomans' early successes against rivals such as the Byzantines?
Gunpowder
What is one significant achievement of Ottoman Sultan Mehment II(The Conqueror)?
He captured the city of Constantinople and destroyed the Byzantine Empire
How did the lives of the Muslims and non-Muslims differ in the Ottoman Empire?
Muslims paid no taxes but served in the military, while non-Muslims had to pay a special tax and could not serve in the military
What system drafted Christian boys into the Ottoman Sultan's army, educated them, and converted them to Islam?
Devshirme system
Who were the Janissaries?
An elite force of Ottoman slave-soldiers
Why were many later Ottoman sultans weak rulers?
Ottoman sultans were basically imprisoned in the harem as children, so they had little contact with the outside world
Which Mughal sultan created the Divine Faith in an attempted to appeal to Hindus, Jains, Christians, and Muslims?
Akbar
Why was the Taj Mahal Built?
Memorial for Shah Jahans favorite wife, who died in childbirth
Why were there many rebellions during the reigin of the Mughal emerpor Aurangzeb?
Began to enforce strict Muslim laws and removed Hindus from high positions in the government
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