APUSH Semester 1 Final Study Guide

Mr. Kelleher's class (Did i spell that right) (PK)

What was the Columbian Exchange?

The natural exchange of diseases, animals, and plants between Europe, Africa, and the Caribbean/North America.

Why is the Columbian Exchange significant?

It altered millions of years of evolution. It brought a ton of disease to North America and decimated Native population. It brought a lot of foodstuffs to Europe and Africa.

How did Geography and the environment impact Native American people?

It caused the Native tribes to develop differently. Some stayed in one area and had large farms (like the Cahokia). Some roamed around depending on what season it is (Like the Iroquois and Algonquian). Some Natives were fishing people (Like the ones on the west coast) and had time for lots of leisure because food was so easy to get.

How did Geography and the environment impact African people?

The Environment was perfect for mass producing tobacco and sugar. People needed labor but didn’t want to pay for it so they kidnapped Africans and enslaved them.

How did Geography and the environment impact European people?

The European people used the farmable land to mass produce sugar and tobacco.

Who were the people who weren’t satisfied with the protestant revolution, called themselves true protestants, thought the English church was “too catholic” and migrated to mainly the New England colonies?

Puritans

What religious group had these values:
Read the bible
Listen to sermons
Followed the Ideals of John Calvin

Puritans

Who’s ideals did the Puritans follow?

John Calvin

How did Puritans view the poor?

Ungodly

What religious preacher had these ideals?

Natural liberty means acting without restraint = liberty to do evil.
Moral liberty is the liberty to only do good (AKA Christian liberty).
Freedom depended on subjection to authority.

John Winthrop

What is another name for Moral Liberty?

Christian liberty

How did John Winthrop view natural liberty?

It is the liberty to do evil

How did John Winthrop view moral liberty?

It is the liberty to only do good.

What did the Puritans believe that liberty was?

The liberty for the elect to establish churches and govern society.

Who were the elect?

The wealthy men in the Puritan church.

What was the ideology that the Puritan society would be a model society that everyone would strive to follow.

City upon a hill

What was the document that was signed on the Mayflower that said that everyone would follow the laws and not kill each other? This is also the first written frame of government of the 13 colonies.

Mayflower compact

Why did ½ of the settlers in Plymouth die?

They arrived 6 weeks before winter and had no food or farm animals.

Where did the first group of Puritans settle?

Plymouth

What were the first group of Puritans called?

Pilgrims

Who was the formerly imprisoned native American that taught the pilgrims to fish and farm and gave them an alliance with Massasoit?

Squanto

What was it called when a ton of English people migrated to MA?

The great migration

During the great migration, did most settlers arrive in families or alone?

Families

What was the ratio of men to women in the colonies after the great migration?

about 1:1

Why was the man in charge of the house in Puritan New England?

It was designed to replicate God’s authority

Was divorce legal in Puritan NE?

yes

Was physical domestic abuse normalized in Puritan culture?

yes

What defined a woman’s life in Puritan NE?

their responsibilities as wives and mothers

How did John Winthrop think women got freedom?

By submitting the their husbands

When did the average Puritan woman marry? (age)

22

How many kids did a woman have on average in Puritan NE?

7

What religious group feared excessive individualism and lack of social unity?

Puritans

What was the Massachusetts Bay Company?

A company founded on the coast of MA to found the colony.

What invention from 1553 was revolutionary to the sale of books/newspapers in the American Colonies?

The printing press

What did the Massachusetts government reflect?

Puritan religious and social visions

What governing body in MA did the following?

Chose the rulers of the colony
Allowed the deputies to be elected by freemen
Formed a ruling body with 2 legislative houses

The Massachusetts Bay Company

What was essential to Puritanism?

the principle of consent

Why was the principle of consent so essential to Puritanism?

They wanted each congregation to have the liberty to stand alone

How did you become a member of the church in Puritan NE?

You had to be a wealthy white man. (Pretty much)

How did the Puritan church make decisions?

The male elect would have to agree on what will happen.

How were Puritan towns governed?

They were self-governed, local officials and governor were all elected by the townspeople.

What was social hierarchy like in Puritan NE?

The people with the best land and church seats were on top.

What were regular people referred to as in Puritan society?

Goodman and Goodwife

What were the higher class families referred to as in Puritan society?

gentleman, lady, master, mistress

What is “Bible commonwealth”

it is a term that refers to the theocracy that was Puritan MA

What qualified under the intolerance of dissent?

religion (not being a puritan), no sense of self, criticizing the church or government, complaining, being a burdensome woman

Was the tolerance of difference high on the Puritan value list?

no

What did Puritans think the main freedom of dissenters was?

the liberty to keep away from us

Who was the guy who founded Rhode Island, wanted to strengthen religion, wanted religious freedom, denied that God had favorites, and was banished from MA in 1636?

Roger Williams

What was Rhode Island called? (nickname)

The House of Religious Freedom

What was the type of government Rhode Island had?

Democratic

What were the people who didn’t follow Puritan values called?

Dissenters

Who founded Hartford?

Thomas Hooker

What was created when Hartford combined with Newhaven?

Connecticut

Who was the woman that said the Puritan ministers were guilty and damned, was put on trial for antinomianism, was banished from MA, and threatened the Puritans because of her Gender, amount of followers, and her ready wit and bold spirit?

Anne Hutchinson

Who were the Merchant Elite?

The rich people who exported goods (fish, timber, etc.)

What was the solution to the decreasing Puritan church membership that included being baptized to give people ½ church membership?

The half-way covenant

What obstacles did the English settlers in the Chesapeake overcome?

Not ideal living conditions, swamp filled with malaria, people didn’t want to work.

How did Virginia develop in its early years?

Very slowly until tobacco was farmed

What social tensions arose over Westward expansion in Virginia?

People were conflicted over war with the Native Americans that lived on the land that the Virginians wanted to own.

What was the first settlement in Virginia? (1607)

Jamestown

When was Jamestown settled?

1607

Who brought Tobacco to Jamestown?

John Smith

How did John Smith rule Jamestown?

He ruled with an iron fist and very military-like

Why did people go to Virginia?

They were the “second sons” and wanted to have the status that the first born gets so they went to find gold.

What was the first legislative assembly in colonial Virginia. It allowed colonists to make laws and govern themselves, but the governor and council had to approve all decisions.

The House of Burgesses

What was slavery like in the Virginia colony (1619)

It was almost entirely tobacco plantation slavery.

What were the gender roles around work in the Virginia Colony?

Men did the “work work”. Women did the house work. However, women would still know what is going on in the world and would commonly influence their husbands political decisions.

What was the social structure like in the Virginia Colony according to social classes?

If you had the best land, you were the higher class.

How did indentured servants work in Virginia?

They would work side by side with the enslaved people in the fields mostly, however they didn’t like doing the hard labor. That caused the south to shift from indentured servitude to slavery.

What was Bacon’s rebellion?

Nathaniel Bacon wanted to fight the Natives and expand West but the governor didn’t. Bacon rioted with his followers and plundered Jamestown and lit stuff on fire. Bacon died shortly after.

What were the strict laws around slavery and the rights of black people called?

Slave codes

List some examples of slave codes

White supremacy is law, slaves are property to white men, black people cannot employ white people, and black and white people have separate courts.

What were some reasons slavery developed in the Western Atlantic World?

First, it was the easiest form of labor for sugar farmers in Barbados/the Caribbean. Then, Indian slaves and indentured servants weren’t working for the southern farmers in the colonies so they started using slave labor as well.

What economic transactions linked various destinations in the Atlantic world?

Triangular Trade. Sugar trade, tobacco trade, indigo trade, slave trade, and cotton trade eventually.

How did trans-Atlantic slave trade shape the economic development and social structure of the various colonies?

Since slaves were so popular in the south, the south became a slave society with lots of large plantations. Since the north didn’t have the best land for mass farming of cash crops, they became more industrial focused.

What role did race play in the colonies?

To vote in most places you had to be a white man, you couldn’t employ white people if you were not white, and you were seen as barbaric if you were not white.

What is racism?

Discriminating against someone because of their race

What is a plantation?

A large field where crops are grown and slaves commonly worked. Also grew cash crops.

What were “the West Indies” that Columbus found?

The Caribbean.

What role did sugar play?

Made slavery prevalent in the western hemisphere and made a ton of money. (big cash crop)

What role did Barbados play?

It was a sugar island.

What was it called when slaves were kidnapped and sold to the americas?

Trans-Atlantic slave trade

What was it called when the Americas would send sugar, cotton, and tobacco to Europe, Europe would send rum, textiles, and manufactured goods to Africa, and Africa would send slaves to the Americas?

Triangular trade

What is the super uncomfortable journey from Africa to America by boat that slaves would endure and most would not survive?

The Middle Passage

What was the language that enslaved Africans spoke in to preserve their culture and use as resistance against slavery?

Gullah

What were half black and half white people called back then?

Mulattos

What were examples of resistance against slavery?

Speaking Gullah, breaking tools, slacking when the master was not looking, running away, rebellions, religious gatherings.

What happened at the Stono Rebellion?

The enslaved people waited until the master went to church and then stole firearms and started walking to Florida because they would be free if they reached Spanish territory. While they marched they chanted “Liberty, Liberty!”

What were the social influences on the colonies?

Enlightenment

What were the intellectual influences on the colonies?

The Great Awakening, Thomas Pain, other major writers. (You get it)

What were the religious influences on the colonies?

Puritanism and Anglicanism.

What were the cultural influences on the colonies?

Wanting to not be like Britain. French and Dutch influences.

Why were the Middle Colonies, South Carolina, and Georgia so different from each other?

They had different reasons for creating the colonies. (Middle colonies were for creating trading posts, SC was for farming) The different reasons caused them all to develop differently because they had different goals.

What was the consumer revolution?

People started consuming more luxury goods and purchasing more from other countries.

What was Anglicization?

People wanting to be “more British”

What was so special about Maryland?

It was religiously tolerant. Lots of Catholics lived there.

What was republicanism?

A political ideology that you want a republic.

What was a Whig? (Pre-revolution)

Basically a Patriot.

Who is the “father of liberty”

John Locke