IM COOKED

At equilibrium for hawk and dove ESS, what should the equation of Hawk average pay off and dove average pay off equation be?

Hawk = -25h + 50(1-h)

Dove = 0h + 25(1-h)

If Victory is greater than Injury cost, what would be the ESS?

Being a Hawk would be an ESS.

What animals fight to death to get a chance to mate with reproductive female?

Male bowl

Doily spiders

Fig wasps

What is a strategy and what is a tatic?

A strategy is genetically based decision, so differences between strategies are due to differences in gene like always fight or always sneak.

Tactic is a behavioral pattern played as a part of strategy like to either fight at a certain threshold or to sneak at a a certain threshold.

What is the gene for horn development and different behavioral genotypes.

Hedgehog gene and it enables nutrition responsive inhibition of an alternative morph in a polyphenic beetle.

Natural selection favours sophisticted developmental switch mechanisms of limited specialist phenotypes over having a full range of intermediates forms in a variable env.

YEAH

Why do bung beetle want bigger horns and create a one way hole?

A bigger weapon/horn can signal to an enemy that they have a better chance of winning and in a one way hole, they can face a lvl instead of multiple oppoents

What happens to an Arms race when a duel happens and when cheaters come

When a dual happens, a arms race starts. But when cheaters enter, the arms race ends.

What leads to a supergene (A DNA region containing many linked genes?

Chromosomal inversion E.G ruffs

In Side-blotched lizards, they have different throat colours. Frequencies of strategies change over time and is not in stable equilibrium.

YEAH.

What is intrasexual selection and intersexual selection?

Intrasexual competition is when it is competition of mates between males while intersexual competition is when it is the female mate choice of which male to choose.

What is isogamy and what is anisogamy?

Isogamy is when gametes of similar morphology fuse during sex. (No male or female)

Anisogamy is when gametes of different size fuse. (Females usually larger than males)

Do larger or smaller gametes have a better chance in survival?

Larger.

When larger gametes evolve, why is there a selection pressure for smaller ones to seek out for it?

So that the smaller ones can get access to food reserves.

What is the limitation for male reproductive success vs female reproductive success?

Male reproductive success is limited by number of females.

Female reproductive success is usually limited by resources (converting resources into eggs and for offspring).

Why are males more unlikely to stay in for parental care?

1. Shared paternity is possible, so it may not be his kid

2. Skewed mating success among males (Dominant males get to mate)

3. Male’s future reproductive success is to be greater than that of females (P.184)

4. Females will put more effort prior to mating which intensifies male-male competition. → Girls become more selective.

What does sexual dimorphism give to males that female wont have?

It give males a larger size and weapons to fight and display strength.

What is the sexual system in elephant seals?

5/180 males mates with 40-92% of the 480 females. It is a harem and females are a resource in that territory.

How is reproductive success determined in southern elephant seals (male vs female)?

For males, their reproductive success depends on how many mating they do while the female’s reproductive success depends on her ability to nurture the child.

In Long tailed widow bird, what is the conflict faced between natural selection vs sexual selection of males?

For males, a shorter tail would give them a better chance of survival. However, females prefer this long tailed trait than normal sized. These males with longer tailed were handicapped in foraging and grew poorer quality feathers.

Why are females so choosy in finding mates?

To optimally get:

1. Good Genes (Stained bowerbirds) - Males put all their efforts into displays and ornaments and no parental care. These help to signal ability to collect and defend treasures and social status.

2. Good Resources (Long tailed widow vs sedge wabler) - Male provide and defend territories where females can come to lay their eggs and it has good resources (Highly contested by males). Sometimes they also aid in parental care to get mates. Male also give large insect for her to eat or alkaloids for predator defense during copulation.

How to test genetic benefit from mate choice? 2 hypothesis.

1. In fisher runaway model, Male trait and female preference becomes a positive feedback loop until natural selection > sexual selection. E.g. Genes to fly better will be passed onto the son. Genes preferring longer tails will be passed onto the daughters. This create a positive feedback until natural selection forces are greater than sexual selection.

2. Good genes model. → Even with handicap, males are surviving → reliable signal that his genetic quality is good to the female → genes to be good at surviving and reproduction is passed on to sons.

Wouldn’t genetic variation greatly decline if female just chose males with best genes?

NO.

1. Continuous input of deleterious mutations

2. Many genes are involved in influencing male conditions

3. Females may choose males with different traits

4. Host parasites arms races involve genetic changes on both sides to be never ending.

Female mate choice when experimenting with Stalk-eyed flies. what happened in the experiment?

Artificial selection. Long stalk M/F were paired tgt while Short stalk M/F were paired tgt.

After generations, Female choice also changed. long f pref long m and short f pref short m

What about the Indian peafowl?

Higher number of eyespots => more male success.

Offsprings with more ornaments dad grew better and survived better

Hence, females obtained more viable kids when choosing males with more ornaments. (Not the case in a Japan study)

What is the Hamilton-Zuk Hypothesis in females choosing males with high disease resistance?

1. Parasite reduces host fitness

2. Parasite resistance is genetic

3. Parasite resistance can be signaled by sexual ornaments

4. Females prefer males with more elaborate signals

What type of males do female sticklebacks go for and why?

Female sticklebacks go for redder males because it shows parasite resistance

What is this gene that helps fight off infections?

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) which is help fight off parasites.

If males take part in parental care, do they also get choosy?

YES

How will female benefit from male paternity?

1. Desist infanticide because it is the male's kid as well

2. Males will help in care of broods. ← Females can increase the number of males helping if she mates with more men and the men think that they are sure it is their kid.

Sex role reversal. What happens to male and female structure here.

In pipefish. The role of females now is swapped with males. Although females still produce eggs. Reproductive success depends on male. And males are the choosy ones. ← happens when female choice for male competition is high.

Use the eclectus parrot to illustrate why sexual dimorphism evolved?

Female dont have to get out that much and are hidden inside the nest hollows during incubation and nestling care, so they dont need to be cryptic. However, males need to go to sites to compete for access to female nests and hence, their green coloration reflects a camouflage and conspicuous intermediate for best outcome.

Why might females copulate with more than 1 male?

1. Resistance cost exceed the costs of acquiescence

2. Material or direct benefit from multiple mates (ensure fertility by getting more sperm or gain more resource from men like gifts or nutrients in spermatophores)

3. Genetic or indirect benefits — females increases genetic quality of kids by mating with more men.

In monogamous systems, it was found that birds had extra pairr copulations. what did this find

No correlation between degree of pulmage dimorphism with number of social mates but a strong correlation with extra-pair paternity.

THis suggest males have evolved their pulmage not to attract their females but other ones.

In water slider, How do they coevolve of sexes

When males have more elaborate arnaments ot mate, female alos get them to defend.

What are the male adaptations to sexual conflicts after mating?

1. Sperm removal - remove prev guys sperm

2. Sperm displacement - Displace the 1st guy’s sperm (80% yours 20% his)

3. Copulatory plugs - cement up the female hole to prevent other males from mating and fertilizing her.

4. Anti-aphrodisiacs - Release scent that this female is already mated with, detering males fro mating with her.

5. Sterile Sperm - parasperm protect eusperm from spermicide insdie the female tract. or delay female mating

6. Accessory glands protein - release proteins along with sperm that influence female behavior and physiology like killing other male sperms

7. Strategic allocation of sperm - lot of sperm doesnt mean lot of copulations and may be detrimental like losing body size in male adders.

What about females?

1. Subordinate male sperm ejection - eject beta male sperm and keep dominant one. (Stops beta from harrassing her or gets her more resoruces)

2. Preferential storage of sperm - (Mate with many guys to avoid conflict but store only the good one to fertilize)

Store in the spermthecae

What is the Chase away model?

Female evlove to resist males.

Facultative siblicide vs Obligate siblicide

Facultative siblicide is when an elder sibling may or may not kill their sibling based on environmental coniditons like starvation (Galapogos fur seal and Blue-footed booby)

Obligate siblcide is when elder sibling always attempts to kill the younger one and has no parental intervention (Nazca booby)

As parents with higher levels of extra-pair paternity exist, what would happen to the rivalry in broods?

The rivalry in broods will increase. The chicks will beg more vigourously and loudly, they display redder moouths to signal that they are of higher quality to get more food.

What are chick ornaments?

From american coots, chick ornaments include long black orange tips to their black body and colured plumes. This is to signal that they have qualities and signals to exploit parental preferences to being picked more.

Is scynchronous hatching more stable or asynchronous hatching?

asynchronous hatching

How about which ones is better in good food supply?

Synchronous.

How to test for parent offspring conflict?

Calculate an optimal level for parent investment and optimal level for offspring and show the differing optimum points.

In mice, genomic imprinting of parents, what occurs when the maternal imprinting gene for igf2r is inactivated and when paternal imprinted gene for lgf2 is inactivated?

When maternally imprinted gene is inactivated, when the maternal allele is inactivated, the mice increases size by 20% while paternal inactivation has no effect.

Vice versa for the paternal gene except the mice decrerases to 60%.

Do parental birds also demand an honest signal from chicks?

Yes

Chicks if they begged more vigorously, they would get more food. Why dont they just beg longer/constantly. (Canaries)

Foster broods that begged less than parents expected grew less and broods that over demanded/ continously yelled for food was not fully compensated by the food they received in terms of net energy gain.

Parasitic broods should be selfish and remove host offspring to get more food. But they some dont remove them when they hatch. why?

Because the sounds/signal is louder making parents to go a nd forage mroe and so they can get more food.

If parents more chicks → they work harder.

Why do males aggregate?

1. On hotspots where more females are present

2. To reduce predation

3. Parasitise attractive hotshot males

4. To increase female attraction - stimulus pooling (display tgt)

5. Facilitate female choice — females can excise careful choice

Why are birds monogamus? (obligate)

Because cooperation increases with pair-bond duration over the years. and so reproductive success/nurturing success of the broods. However, it does topple off but probably due to reproductice senescence.

Why are some bird species constrained to be mongamous?

1. Male-male competition is fierce and make it diffuclt for a bird to get another mate

2. Females are likely to suffer in polygyny in terms of loss of male help. (Attempt in sabatoging as well)

Cost of polgyny

Reduced male assistance.

Is female settlement induced by male status?

Yes, if males are single and had similar quality territories, females chose to go with the unpaired male.

Can improved male territory quality induce females to choose polygyny?

Yes

What is the sexy son hypothesis?

Although second females produce fewer offspring because they don’t get male help. This is offset when her kids adopt a polygynous from dad where it is then made up in 2nd gen when sons sire amny kids compared to kids of mono females.

What are the other hypothesis?

1. The female is deceived and the male leaves her ans she has to rear kids alone.

2. Unmated males are hard to find.