Resp. ch23

What is the definition of respiration?

Gas exchange between the atmosphere, blood, and body cells.

What are the three key processes of respiration?

Ventilation, external respiration, internal respiration.

What does ventilation refer to?

Air exchange between the atmosphere and alveoli.

What occurs during external respiration?

Gas exchange between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries (O2 in, CO2 out).

What happens during internal respiration?

Gas exchange between blood and tissue cells (O2 out, CO2 in).

What are the main functions of the respiratory system?

Gas exchange, regulate blood pH, smell, and air filtration.

What structures comprise the upper respiratory system?

Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx.

What structures make up the lower respiratory system?

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs.

What is the conducting zone of the respiratory system?

Nose to terminal bronchioles.

What is the respiratory zone of the respiratory system?

Respiratory bronchioles to alveolar sacs.

What are the key structures found in the nasal cavity?

Olfactory mucosa, respiratory mucosa, sinuses, lacrimal and paranasal ducts.

What are the regions of the pharynx?

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx.

What is the function of the epiglottis?

Prevents choking by covering the larynx during swallowing.

What prevents the trachea from collapsing?

C-shaped cartilage in the tracheal wall.

What is the branching structure of the bronchi?

Trachea → Main bronchi → Lobar bronchi → Segmental bronchi → Bronchioles → Terminal bronchioles.

How many lobes does the right lung have?

3 lobes.

How many lobes does the left lung have?

2 lobes.

What happens in a pneumothorax?

Air enters the pleural cavity, leading to lung collapse.

What are type I alveolar cells responsible for?

Structural support in the alveoli.

What do type II alveolar cells secrete?

Surfactant.

What effect does low pH have on hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?

It causes hemoglobin to release more oxygen (Bohr effect).

What is Boyle's Law?

Pressure is inversely proportional to volume.

What muscles mainly facilitate inhalation?

Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles.

What defines tidal volume (TV)?

The normal breath volume.

What percentage of oxygen is carried by hemoglobin?

98.5%.

What is the role of the medullary center in respiration?

Regulates the basic rhythm of breathing.

What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

A group of lung diseases that block airflow, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

What is pneumonia?

An infection of the alveoli.