APK2100C Exam 1

anatomy

study of structures of the body

physiology

study of the functions of the body

functional anatomy

anatomy which emphasizes structural characteristics of a body part that contribute to its function

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ie the knee and its joints

subdisciplines of anatomy

gross, regional, systemic, surface, microscopic

gross anatomy

dissection; can see structures with naked eye

regional anatomy

one specific area of the body ie structures with arm

systemic anatomy

organ systems ie digestive

surface anatomy

landmarks ie bony bump, vein

microscopic anatomy

requires microscope to see structure

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2 subdisciplines

histology which evaluates structures ie tissues and cells

physiological/disease

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hierarchy of structural organization

chemical level-cellular level-tissue level-organ level-organ system-organismal level

organ systems (11)

integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

integumentary system

skin, external layers of body and accessory organs ie hair and glands

skeletal system

framework that allows movement of muscles or protects…

muscular system

muscles that allow movement and facial expression

nervous system

communication via electrical impulses (fast)

endocrine system

communication via chemical messengers ie hormones (Slow)

cardiovascular system

heart/blood vessels → transporting blood

lymphatic system

immune response

respiratory system

bring air in and remove waste ie CO2

digestive system

breaking down food into absorbable energy

urinary system

filters blood, waste, water content

reproductive system

embryo formation → cells

anatomical terminology

standardized terminology by med professionals and scientists; derived from greek and latin

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ie osteoperosis

osteo= bone in greek porus= holes in greek- osis= greek condition for disease

anatomical position

body upright, standing erect facing observer, head and eyes facing forward, feet are flat on floor and forward, upper limbs to sides, palms turned forward

midline

line that moves down middle of body

medial/lateral

closer to midline/moving away from midline

left/right

from patients view, not viewer

superior/inferior

“above” towards head/ “below” towards feet

proximal/distal

close to point of attachment/ away from point of attachment

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ie. leg closer to hip/

anterior/posterior

toward front(ventral)/ towards back (dorsal)

directional terminology

describing position of one structure relative to another structures

superficial/deep

closer to surface of body/more internal to body

ipsilateral/contralateral

structures on same side of body/ opposite of body

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ie right hand and right leg/ right hand and left leg

regional terminology

terms describing specific ….

anterior regional terminology

front of body

axial region

midline of body; ax is of body (head,neck,trunk)

appendicular region

everything not in axial

cephalic

general head region

frontal

forehead

orbital

eyes

nasal

nose

oral

mouth

mental

chin

cervical

neck

thoracic region

sternal= sternum. axillary= armpit, mammary= chest

abdominal region

umbilical=belly button ; pelvic region below

inguinal region (groin)

pubic= genitalia

appendicular

extremities= upper and lower limbs

anterior upper limb

acromial= shoulder, brachial= upper arm (shoulder to elbow), antecubital= crook of elbow, antebrachial= forearm, carpal= wrist

anterior hand

hand= manus, pollex= thumb, palmar= palm, digital= pther fingers

anterior lower limb

coxal= hip, femoral= thigh, patellar= knee cap, crural= leg, fibular, outside of leg

anterior pedal

tarsal= ankle, metatarsal= foot, digital= all toes, hallux= big toe

posterior cephallic

otic= ears, occipital= back of head (cervical underneath)

posterior dorsal

scapular= shoulder blade, vertebral- along middle of back, lumbar= lower back, sacral= between low back and butt, gluteal= buttox, perineal= btwn anus and external genitalia

posterior upper limb

acrhomial, brachial, olecranial= back of elbow, antebrachial= forearm

posterior manus

metacarpal and sital

posterior lower limb

femoral= thigh, poiteal= back of knee, sural= calf, fibural or peroneal= outside of leg

posterior pedal

calcaneal= heel, plantar= sole of foot

body planes and sections

coronal/frontal, horizontal/transverse, sagittal

coronal plane

divides body/organ into anterior and posterior

horizontal/transverse plane

divides body/organs into superior and inferior half

sagittal plane

vertical plane that divides body into right and left, can be equal (midsagittal) or unequal (parasagittal)

body cavities

spaces within body that separate, protect, and support internal organs

dorsal body cavities

associated with back (cranial and verterbal cavity)

ventral body cavity

thoracic and abdominopelvic

cranial cavity

formed by cranial bones and contains and protects brain

verterbral canal

formed by bones of verterbral column and protects spinal cord

meninges

layers of protective tissues that the line the cranial and verterbral canal

thoracic cavity

made of pleural cavity and Mediastinum

Mediastinum

region that has many structures

pleural cavity

reference to lungs; on right and left

abdominopelvic cavity

made of abdominal and pelvic cavity, closed cavities

mucous membranes

lines cavities that are open to outside environment, cells secrete mucous, ie oral and nasal cavities, vagina, anus

serous membranes

lines cavities that are closed to outside environment, cells secrete serous fluid as lubricant, thoracic and abdominal cavities found withinl 2 layers are continous with one another

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visceral layer: touches organ, pariteal layer touches body wall

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balloon example!!!

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examples: serose with lungs, perocardium or abdominal

cells

living units, all living organisms are cellular in nature, smallest living unit in bodies, human has over 200 types of cells

basic cellular function

basic survival function: obtain/use nutrients, dispose of waste, replicate/regenerate/repair; made up of organelles

cytoplasm

fluid environment where organelles are

nucleus

control center of cell

plasma membrane: fluid-mosaic model

fluid-dynamic structure (not permanent in place); mosaic- multiple components associated with membrane; phospholipid bilayer: outward and inward layers, hydrophilic head and hydrophobic fatty acid tail, hydrophobic cholestorol along fatty acid tails

proteins in membrane

intergral: embedded within membrane

peripheral: periphery outside of membrane on ECF OR ICF; loosely associated with membrane and easily separable

integral protein

transmembrane protein if it goes across whole bilayer which is vast majority

glycolipid/glycoprotein

carbohydrate chains attached to suffix

phospholipids

amphiphatic with dynamic arrangement, creates framework for plasma membrane, make up 3/4 of membrane lipids

membrane lipids

phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids,

cholesterol

fouund among lipid tails of bilayer, only in animal cells, strucutural integrity of plasma membrane; 4 ring structure

glycolipids

only found in layer facing ECF, cellular adhesion and recognition, carb chain attached to lipid

principal functions of plasma membrane

protective barrier, cellular communication via receptor proteins, regulating movement of substances in and out via membrane transport

membrane transports

plasma membrane selectively permeable, some solutes diffuse across lipid bilayer (no proteins or ATP needed) integral proteins acts as transports and channels to assist in entrance of impermeable (Cant cross whatsoever) molecules

carrier= passive

pumps=active

passive transport

simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

simple diffusion

solutes and small enough molecules can cross membrane on their own (lipid soluble)

osmosis

diffusion of water across lipid bilayer requiring aquaporins

facilitated diffusion

transmembrane protein opens up and acts as channel to allow solutes that are water soluble to cross through

active transport

requires trans protein and ATP against concentration gradient

vesicular membrane transport

endocytosis- bring into cell

exocytosis- bring out of cell

types of endocytosis

phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis

phagocytosis

“cell eating” bringing larger macromolecule into cell via pseudopods “arms”

pinocytosis

“cell drinking” smaller solutes dissolved within ECF, creates divot/pit

receptor mediated endocytosis

requires ligand (chemical messenger) to bind to receptor which signals creation of vesicle to bring materials in

exocytosis

removing material from cell, vesicle migrates to edge of cell, vesicle made of plasma? so fuses with membrane and liberates content out of cell (Secretory vesicle)

cytosol

jelly like fluid in which all other intracellular elements are suspended ie water, ions, enzymes, site of many chemical reactions