Nasal and Orbital Complexes

The seven bones of the nasal cavity include:

frontal, sphenoid, maxillary, lacrimal, inferior nasal conchae, nasal, and vomer

paranasal sinuses

air filled chambers that reduce the weight of skull bones; lined with mucous membranes

The seven bones of the orbital complex include;

frontal, maxillary, lacrimal, ethmoid, sphenoid, palatine, and zygomatic

The skull contains:

8 cranial, 14 facial, 6 auditory ossicles, and 1 hyoid

The Vertebral column contains

24 vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx

cervical curve

7 vertebrae in neck; secondary curve

thoracic curve

12 vertebrae in thorax; primary curve

lumbar curve

5 vertebrae in lower back; secondary curve

sacral curve

primary curve that accommodates abdominopelvic organs

primary curves

spinal curves present at birth

secondary curves

develops later in life; compensates for weight shifts for upright posture

The thoracic cage contains:

24 ribs, sternum

Kyphosis

exaggerated thoracic curvature producing a rounded back

Lordosis

exaggerated lumbar curvature causing the abdomen and buttocks to protrude abnormally

Scoliosis

abnormal lateral curvature

True ribs(vertebrosternal ribs)

ribs 1-7; individually connected to sternum

False ribs

ribs 8-12

vertebrochondral ribs

ribs 8-10; fuses with rib 7

Floating ribs

ribs 11-12; no connection to sternum