Cell Biology = proteins lecture 2/21

pH can also affect the ____________ of enzymes.

functioning

At a pH of __, a substrate ___________ itself to the enzyme via two ______ bonds. because of this the reaction favors ________ formation.

7, attaches, ionic, product

if the pH is _______ than 7 the bond will ______, COO- picks up +and ionic bond with substrate ________ form

lower, suffer, H+, cannot

If the pH is _______ than 7 the protein will _____ H+ and an ionic bond with a ___________ cannot form. The protein will then start to _________ and interfer with other interactions.

higher, lose, substrate, denature

Each part of your body had a different optomum that it needs to make ________.

pH, products

Enzymes lower __________ energy by bringing ________ together in ________ orientations, which can make reactions _____ likely to occur.

activation, reactants, precise, more

_______ fit is where both ________ and ________ undergo dynamic conformational changes upon ________.

induced, enzymes, substrate, binding

When an enzyme under goes ________ fit the enzyme ________ the substrate into its ________ state, ________ the rate of reaction.

induced, contorts, transition, increasing

____ of reaction is how ____ the substrate is turned to _______.

rate, fast, product

_________ _____ are influenced by factors such as the ______________ of substrates, enzymes, products, and the presence of inhibitors

reaction rates, concentrations

enzyme _________ rxns can show a ____bolic relationship between the rate of ________ and the concentration of ________. This is assuming the concentration stays the ______.

catalyzed, hyper, reaction, substrate, same.

____ substrate concentration causes steep ________ in rate of reaction.

low, increase

In a ____ substrate concentration the rate of product formation is _________ by the concentration of available ________.

low, limited, substrate

__________ substrate concentration causes the rate of __________ to ______off.

increased, reaction, level

with an _________ substrate concentration enzymes that are totally _______.

increased, saturated,

The rate of reaction reaches a maximum _______ _______ = maximum ________ (Vmax)

upper limit, velocity

rate of reactions __________ for increased substrate and/or enzyme _______________.

increase, concentrations.

for any given __________ concentration, there is a ______ for that concentration.

enzyme, Vmax

if you _________ the amount of _________, the graph increase

increase, enzymes

if you ___________ more __________ to make the product, you would make _____ product.

increase, substrate, more

Measuring Vmax in a ___ you would want to

1. keep everything _____.

2. add all reagents/buffers and enzymes _____.

3. Add ____________ when you are ready to read, - use plate reader and reat all at one!

lab, cold, first, substrate

The _____________ constant K_d measure the true _________ a ligand has for _________ to an enzyme

dissociation, affinity, binding

A ___ K_d value = high ________ for binding to a _________.

low, affinity, protein.

___ is the concentration of substrate which ________ the enzyme to achieve _____ Vmax

Km, permits, half

Km is a _________ for the enzyme

constant

Km is determined by the ____________ dissociation constant (___) and how _______ the enzyme-substrate complex is turned over into _________.

substrates, Kd, quickly, product

The ________ the ___ value for an enzyme and the lower the [S] range shows how the enzyme is ___________.

lower, Km, effective

A ____ value of ___ has a high affinity of the enzyme for the _________. The reaction then can reach ½ Vmax with a _______ substrate concentration

low, Km, substrate, lower

A _______ value for Km is often interpreted as a _____ affinity of the enzyme for the __________.

large, weak, substrate

_____ is important as a measure of the __________ maximum rate of the ________.

Vmax, potential, reaction

_________ maximum rate is the _____ at which a _________ will be converted to product once ________ to the enzyme

potential, rate, substrate, bound

by knowing ______, ____, and the in ______ substrate concentration, we can __________ the likely rate of the __________ under cellular conditions.

Vmax, Km, vivo, estimate, reaction.